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Neofiti Genesis

About this book

The Creation of the World

Chapter 1

1 From the beginning, with wisdom, the Memra of the Lord created and perfected the heavens and the earth.⁠ 2 And the earth was desolate and empty, deserted by people and by animals, and bare of all growing plants and of trees, and darkness was spread over the face of the deep. And a spirit of mercy from before the Lord was blowing over the face of the waters. 3 And the Memra of the Lord said, “Let there be light,” and there was light, by the decree of his Memra. 4 And it was revealed before the Lord that the light was good, and the Memra of the Lord separated the light from the darkness. 5 And the Memra of the Lord called the light day, and the darkness he called night. And there was evening and there was morning: the order of the work of creation, the first day. 6 And the Memra of the Lord said, “Let there be a firmament in the middle of the waters, and let it separate the lower waters from the upper waters.” 7 And the Lord created the firmament, and separated the waters below the firmament from the waters above the firmament. And it was so, according to his Memra. 8 And the Memra of the Lord called the firmament heaven. And there was evening and there was morning: the order of the work of creation, the second day.⁠ 9 And the Memra of the Lord said, “Let the waters under the heavens be gathered into one place, and let the dry land appear.” And it was so, according to his Memra. 10 And the Memra of the Lord called the dry land earth, and the place where the waters gather he called seas. And it was revealed before the Lord that it was pleasing and fitting. 11 And the Memra of the Lord said, “Let the earth bring forth grass, plants that yield seed, and fruit trees that bear fruit after their kind, whose seed comes from them and is in them, on the earth.” And it was so, according to his Memra. 12 And the earth brought forth grass, plants that yield seed after their kinds, and fruit trees that bear fruit, whose seed comes from them and is in them, after their kind. And it was revealed before the Lord that it was pleasing and fitting. 13 And there was evening and there was morning: the order of the work of creation, the third day. 14 And the Lord said, “Let there be lights in the firmament of the heavens to separate the day from the night, and let them serve as signs and for set times, and to sanctify by them the intercalation of moons and months. 15 And let them be lights in the firmament of the heavens to give light on the earth.” And it was so, according to his Memra. 16 And the Memra of the Lord created the two great lights: the great light to rule by day and the small light to rule by night, and the orders of the stars. 17 And the Glory of the Lord set them in the firmament of the heavens to give light on the earth, 18 and to rule by day and by night, and to separate the light from the darkness. And it was revealed before the Lord that it was pleasing and fitting. 19 And there was evening and there was morning: the order of the work of creation, the fourth day. 20 And the Memra of the Lord said, “Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth, across the face of the air of the firmament of the heavens.” 21 And the Lord created the two great monsters,⁠ and every living creature that creeps, with which the waters swarmed, after their kinds, and every winged bird after its kind. And it was revealed before the Lord that it was pleasing and fitting. 22 And the Memra of the Lord blessed them, saying, “Be strong and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let the birds multiply on the earth.” 23 And there was evening and there was morning: the order of the work of creation, the fifth day. 24 And the Memra of the Lord said, “Let the earth bring forth living creatures after their kind: cattle, creeping things and wild animals of the earth, after their kind.” And it was so, according to his Memra. 25 And the Memra of the Lord created the wild animals of the earth after their kind, and the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing of the earth after its kind. And it was revealed before the Lord that it was pleasing and fitting. 26 And the Lord said, “Let us create man in our likeness, resembling us, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens, over the cattle and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.” 27 And the Memra of the Lord created man in his likeness; in a likeness from before the Lord he created him; male and his partner he created them. 28 And the Glory of the Lord blessed them, and the Memra of the Lord said to them, “Be strong and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it, and rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens, and over every wild animal that creeps on the earth.” 29 And the Glory of the Lord said, “Look, I have given you every plant that yields seed on the face of all the earth, and every tree that bears fruit yielding seed; I have given them to you for food. 30 And to every wild animal of the earth and to every bird of the heavens and to everything that creeps on the earth, everything with the breath of life in it, I have given every green plant for food.” And it was so, according to his Memra. 31 And it was revealed before the Lord that everything he had made was indeed pleasing and very fitting. And there was evening and there was morning: the order of the work of creation, the sixth day.

Texts in conversation

The Memra in the Aramaic translation of Genesis in Targum Neofiti

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Genesis begins with God creating the heavens and the earth. The Aramaic translation in Targum Neofiti includes the “Memra” to mediate the act of creation rather than describe him acting directly, an interpretation found in many Jewish traditions.
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Passages

Genesis 1:1

Hebrew Bible
1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. 2 Now the earth was without shape and empty, and darkness was over the surface of the watery deep, but the Spirit of God was hovering11 over the surface of the water. 3 God said, “Let there be light.” And there was light! 4 God saw that the light was good, so God separated the light from the darkness. 5 God called the light “day” and the darkness “night.” There was evening, and there was morning, marking the first day. 6 God said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters and let it separate water from water.” 7 So God made the expanse and separated the water under the expanse from the water above it. It was so. 8 God called the expanse “sky.” There was evening, and there was morning, a second day.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Neofiti Genesis 1:1

Targum
1 From the beginning, with wisdom, the Memra of the Lord created and perfected the heavens and the earth. 2 And the earth was desolate and empty, deserted by people and by animals, and bare of all growing plants and of trees, and darkness was spread over the face of the deep. And a spirit of mercy from before the Lord was blowing over the face of the waters. 3 And the Memra of the Lord said, “Let there be light,” and there was light, by the decree of his Memra. 4 And it was revealed before the Lord that the light was good, and the Memra of the Lord separated the light from the darkness. 5 And the Memra of the Lord called the light day, and the darkness he called night. And there was evening and there was morning: the order of the work of creation, the first day. 6 And the Memra of the Lord said, “Let there be a firmament in the middle of the waters, and let it separate the lower waters from the upper waters.” 7 And the Lord created the firmament, and separated the waters below the firmament from the waters above the firmament. And it was so, according to his Memra.
300–600 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Neofiti Genesis

References

"... 'From the beginning with wisdom': double translation of the Hebrew text, as 'beginning' and 'wisdom.' For creation of the world / wisdom, compare Proverbs 8:22; 3:19; Wisdom of Solomon 9:9; Psalm 104:24. Rabbinic tradition, identifying wisdom and the Torah, speaks of God creating the world by the Torah; Beginning = Torah, Genesis Rabbah 1:4: “In the beginning by means of the Torah God created” ... “the Memra of the Lord”; the text of Neofiti has: “the son of the Lord,” which is due most probably to a late, even sixteenth-century, correction. However, in Christian tradition from earliest times the opening word of Genesis was understood to mean “in the Son”; see Jerome, Hebrew Quaest., in Genesis 1:1 ..."
Martin McNamara, Targum Neofiti 1: Genesis, ArBib 1A (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1992), 52.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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  • I find it interesting that "Memra" means "Word" meaning word of the Lord. 1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 2 He was in the beginning with God. 3 All things were made through Him, and without Him nothing was made that was made. 4 In Him was life, and t ...

    Anonymous, October 24, 2023

  • What does Memra mean? Which Hebrew word does it refer to/which Hebrew word underlies it/what is the morphology of Memra? How would you spell Memra in Hebrew?

    Anonymous, June 27, 2024

  • Perhaps I’m missing something but when I look at the source text. I don’t see “Word of the Lord” or Memra present in the English translation of Targums or Onkelos

    Daniel, August 19, 2024

  • Really?

    Martha Ephriem, August 22, 2024

  • The Memra of the Lord is in the Targum Neofiti. I was say that that Targum is analogous to a Bible paraphrase. Meaning, the translator(s) didn’t merely translate the underlying Hebrew but also added their understanding or interpretation. One can say that they attempted to make the text even clearly ...

    Prince D, August 31, 2024

  • It seems like the Aramaic “ Memrah”ממרא is related to the Hebrew term “ ma’amar”= מאמר which roughly means =“ Saying, speech” from which the common term “va’Yomer hashem ויאמר ה׳ is derived which is translated “ and ( God/ hashem ) said…”several times in Genesis 1 and elsewhere where Gos spoke. John ...

    Benzi Melechson, February 3, 2025

  • Wisdom was in the beginning with the Most High, Proverbs 8, Wisdom of Solomon 17, Enoch 42 and Sirach 1

    Samuel, June 16, 2025

  • Ties in closely with the definition of elohim corrctly being an inhabitant of the supernatural realm. With Ruach Elohim were created elohim who were delegated authority and rejoiced in the work. eg Genesis 1:26a and Job 38:1-7.

    Robert W. Mead, July 23, 2026

Genesis 1:1 and Neofiti Genesis 1:1

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