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Genesis

About this book

Creation of the World

Chapter 1

1 In the beginning⁠ God created the heavens and the earth.⁠ 2 Now the earth was without shape and empty,⁠ and darkness was over the surface of the watery deep,⁠ but the Spirit of God was hovering11 over the surface of the water.⁠ 3 God said, “Let there be light.” And there was light!⁠ 4 God saw that the light was good,⁠ so God separated the light from the darkness.⁠ 5 God called the light “day” and the darkness “night.” There was evening, and there was morning, marking the first day.⁠ 6 God said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters and let it separate⁠ water from water.”⁠ 7 So God made the expanse and separated the water under the expanse from the water above it.⁠ It was so.⁠ 8 God called the expanse “sky.”⁠ There was evening, and there was morning, a second day. 9 God said, “Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place and let dry ground appear.”⁠ It was so.⁠ 10 God called the dry ground “land” and the gathered waters he called “seas.”⁠ God saw that it was good.⁠ 11 God said, “Let the land produce vegetation: plants yielding seeds and trees on the land bearing fruit with seed in it, according to their kinds.” It was so. 12 The land produced vegetation—plants yielding seeds according to their kinds, and trees bearing fruit with seed in it according to their kinds. God saw that it was good. 13 There was evening, and there was morning, a third day. 14 God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky⁠ to separate the day from the night,⁠ and let them be signs to indicate seasons and days and years,⁠ 15 and let them serve as lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth.” It was so. 16 God made two great lights—the greater light to rule over the day and the lesser light to rule over the night.⁠ He made the stars also.⁠ 17 God placed the lights in the expanse of the sky to shine on the earth, 18 to preside over the day and the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. God saw that it was good. 19 There was evening, and there was morning, a fourth day. 20 God said, “Let the water swarm with swarms of living creatures and let birds fly above the earth across the expanse of the sky.”⁠ 21 God created the great sea creatures⁠ and every living and moving thing with which the water swarmed, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind.⁠ God saw that it was good. 22 God blessed them and said, “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the water in the seas, and let the birds multiply on the earth.”⁠ 23 There was evening, and there was morning, a fifth day. 24 God said, “Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: cattle, creeping things, and wild animals, each according to its kind.” It was so. 25 God made the wild animals according to their kinds, the cattle according to their kinds, and all the creatures that creep along the ground according to their kinds. God saw that it was good. 26 Then God said, “Let us make humankind in our image,⁠ after our likeness,⁠ so they may rule⁠ over⁠ the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move on the earth.”⁠ 27 God created humankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them,⁠ male and female he created them.⁠ 28 God blessed them and said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply!⁠ Fill the earth and subdue it!⁠ Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and every creature that moves on the ground.”⁠ 29 Then God said, “I now give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the entire earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food.⁠ 30 And to all the animals of the earth, and to every bird of the air, and to all the creatures that move on the ground—everything that has living breath in it—I⁠ give every green plant for food.” It was so. 31 God saw all that he had made—and it was very good!⁠ There was evening, and there was morning, the sixth day.

Texts in conversation

The Memra in the Aramaic translation of Genesis in Targum Neofiti

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Genesis begins with God creating the heavens and the earth. The Aramaic translation in Targum Neofiti includes the “Memra” to mediate the act of creation rather than describe him acting directly, an interpretation found in many Jewish traditions.
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Passages

Genesis 1:1

Hebrew Bible
1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. 2 Now the earth was without shape and empty, and darkness was over the surface of the watery deep, but the Spirit of God was hovering11 over the surface of the water. 3 God said, “Let there be light.” And there was light! 4 God saw that the light was good, so God separated the light from the darkness. 5 God called the light “day” and the darkness “night.” There was evening, and there was morning, marking the first day. 6 God said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters and let it separate water from water.” 7 So God made the expanse and separated the water under the expanse from the water above it. It was so. 8 God called the expanse “sky.” There was evening, and there was morning, a second day.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Neofiti Genesis 1:1

Targum
1 From the beginning, with wisdom, the Memra of the Lord created and perfected the heavens and the earth. 2 And the earth was desolate and empty, deserted by people and by animals, and bare of all growing plants and of trees, and darkness was spread over the face of the deep. And a spirit of mercy from before the Lord was blowing over the face of the waters. 3 And the Memra of the Lord said, “Let there be light,” and there was light, by the decree of his Memra. 4 And it was revealed before the Lord that the light was good, and the Memra of the Lord separated the light from the darkness. 5 And the Memra of the Lord called the light day, and the darkness he called night. And there was evening and there was morning: the order of the work of creation, the first day. 6 And the Memra of the Lord said, “Let there be a firmament in the middle of the waters, and let it separate the lower waters from the upper waters.” 7 And the Lord created the firmament, and separated the waters below the firmament from the waters above the firmament. And it was so, according to his Memra.
300–600 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Neofiti Genesis

References

"... 'From the beginning with wisdom': double translation of the Hebrew text, as 'beginning' and 'wisdom.' For creation of the world / wisdom, compare Proverbs 8:22; 3:19; Wisdom of Solomon 9:9; Psalm 104:24. Rabbinic tradition, identifying wisdom and the Torah, speaks of God creating the world by the Torah; Beginning = Torah, Genesis Rabbah 1:4: “In the beginning by means of the Torah God created” ... “the Memra of the Lord”; the text of Neofiti has: “the son of the Lord,” which is due most probably to a late, even sixteenth-century, correction. However, in Christian tradition from earliest times the opening word of Genesis was understood to mean “in the Son”; see Jerome, Hebrew Quaest., in Genesis 1:1 ..."
Martin McNamara, Targum Neofiti 1: Genesis, ArBib 1A (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1992), 52.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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  • I find it interesting that "Memra" means "Word" meaning word of the Lord. 1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 2 He was in the beginning with God. 3 All things were made through Him, and without Him nothing was made that was made. 4 In Him was life, and t ...

    Anonymous, October 24, 2023

  • What does Memra mean? Which Hebrew word does it refer to/which Hebrew word underlies it/what is the morphology of Memra? How would you spell Memra in Hebrew?

    Anonymous, June 27, 2024

  • Perhaps I’m missing something but when I look at the source text. I don’t see “Word of the Lord” or Memra present in the English translation of Targums or Onkelos

    Daniel, August 19, 2024

  • Really?

    Martha Ephriem, August 22, 2024

  • The Memra of the Lord is in the Targum Neofiti. I was say that that Targum is analogous to a Bible paraphrase. Meaning, the translator(s) didn’t merely translate the underlying Hebrew but also added their understanding or interpretation. One can say that they attempted to make the text even clearly ...

    Prince D, August 31, 2024

  • It seems like the Aramaic “ Memrah”ממרא is related to the Hebrew term “ ma’amar”= מאמר which roughly means =“ Saying, speech” from which the common term “va’Yomer hashem ויאמר ה׳ is derived which is translated “ and ( God/ hashem ) said…”several times in Genesis 1 and elsewhere where Gos spoke. John ...

    Benzi Melechson, February 3, 2025

  • Wisdom was in the beginning with the Most High, Proverbs 8, Wisdom of Solomon 17, Enoch 42 and Sirach 1

    Samuel, June 16, 2025

  • Ties in closely with the definition of elohim corrctly being an inhabitant of the supernatural realm. With Ruach Elohim were created elohim who were delegated authority and rejoiced in the work. eg Genesis 1:26a and Job 38:1-7.

    Robert W. Mead, July 23, 2026

Genesis 1:1 and Neofiti Genesis 1:1

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