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Nahum

About this book
Chapter 1

1 This is an oracle about Nineveh; the book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite:⁠ 2 The Lord is a zealous and avenging God; the Lord is avenging and very angry.⁠ The Lord takes vengeance against his foes; he sustains his rage against his enemies.⁠ 3 The Lord is slow to anger but great in power; the Lord will certainly not allow the wicked to go unpunished.⁠ He marches out in the whirlwind and the raging storm; dark storm clouds billow like dust under his feet.⁠ 4 He shouts a battle cry against the sea and makes it dry up; he makes all the rivers run dry. Bashan and Carmel wither; the blossom of Lebanon withers.⁠ 5 The mountains tremble before him; the hills convulse; the earth is laid waste before him the world and all its inhabitants are laid waste. 6 No one can withstand his indignation! No one can resist his fierce anger! His wrath is poured out like volcanic fire, boulders are broken up as he approaches. 7 The Lord is good—indeed, he is a fortress in time of distress, and he protects those who seek refuge in him. 8 But with an overwhelming flood he will make a complete end of Nineveh; he will drive his enemies into darkness. 9 Whatever you plot against the Lord, he will completely destroy! Distress will not arise a second time. 10 Surely they will be totally consumed like entangled thornbushes, like the drink of drunkards, like very dry stubble. 11 From you, O Nineveh, one has marched forth who plots evil against the Lord, a wicked military strategist. 12 This is what the Lord says:⁠ “Even though they are powerful—and what is more, even though their army is numerous—nevertheless, they will be destroyed and trickle away! Although I afflicted you, I will afflict you no more. 13 And now, I will break Assyria’s yoke bar from your neck; I will tear apart the shackles that are on you.” 14 The Lord has issued a decree against you: “Your dynasty will come to an end. I will destroy the idols and images in the temples of your gods. I will desecrate your grave, because you are accursed!”⁠ 15 (2:1) Look! A herald is running on the mountains! A messenger is proclaiming deliverance:⁠ “Celebrate your sacred festivals, O Judah! Fulfill your sacred vows to praise God! For never again will the wicked Assyrians invade you; they have been completely destroyed.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 34:6 and Nahum 1:3

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Nahum quotes Exodus describing God as slow to anger but shifts the ending from great in love to great in power. This change highlights Nahum's focus on divine strength against foreign enemies rather than mercy within the covenant relationship.

Passages

Exodus 34:6

Hebrew Bible
5 The Lord descended in the cloud and stood with him there and proclaimed the Lord by name. 6 The Lord passed by before him and proclaimed: “The Lord, the Lord, the compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, and abounding in loyal love and faithfulness, 7 keeping loyal love for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin. But he by no means leaves the guilty unpunished, responding to the transgression of fathers by dealing with children and children’s children, to the third and fourth generation.” 8 Moses quickly bowed to the ground and worshiped
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Nahum 1:3

Hebrew Bible
2 The Lord is a zealous and avenging God; the Lord is avenging and very angry. The Lord takes vengeance against his foes; he sustains his rage against his enemies. 3 The Lord is slow to anger but great in power; the Lord will certainly not allow the wicked to go unpunished. He marches out in the whirlwind and the raging storm; dark storm clouds billow like dust under his feet. 4 He shouts a battle cry against the sea and makes it dry up; he makes all the rivers run dry. Bashan and Carmel wither; the blossom of Lebanon withers. 5 The mountains tremble before him; the hills convulse; the earth is laid waste before him the world and all its inhabitants are laid waste.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Nahum

References

"... Here we have a recitation, which contains replication and omission of words so that the verse has the force of an authoritative judgment. Like in Exodus 34:6-7 the context is a theophany, but unlike Exodus, it is not Yahweh making a self-declaration, but a 3rd person prophetic hymn about Yahweh. This again creates more distance, but in this case it is a powerful and judging distance, as the topic is the punishment of a foreign enemy of Israel. The credo starts off like in Exodus 34 “slow to anger,” but where we would expect “great in love it is changed to “great in power”. The BHS proposes to read it as love, but here we see the poet putting “his own stamp on the traditional formulae” and that the “original positive message was ‘vengefully reapplied’ … to underline the announcement of YHWH’s anger coming upon his enemies” ..."
J. P. Bosman, “The Paradoxical Presence of Exodus 34:6–7 in the Book of the Twelve,” Scriptura 87 (2004): 233–243.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 34:6 and Nahum 1:3

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