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Nahum

About this book

The Vision of Nahum

Chapter 1

1 This is an oracle about Nineveh; the book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite:⁠

God as Divine Warrior

2 The Lord is a zealous and avenging God; the Lord is avenging and very angry.⁠ The Lord takes vengeance against his foes; he sustains his rage against his enemies.⁠ 3 The Lord is slow to anger but great in power; the Lord will certainly not allow the wicked to go unpunished.⁠ He marches out in the whirlwind and the raging storm; dark storm clouds billow like dust under his feet.⁠ 4 He shouts a battle cry against the sea and makes it dry up; he makes all the rivers run dry. Bashan and Carmel wither; the blossom of Lebanon withers.⁠ 5 The mountains tremble before him; the hills convulse; the earth is laid waste before him the world and all its inhabitants are laid waste.⁠

6 No one can withstand his indignation! No one can resist his fierce anger! His wrath is poured out like volcanic fire, boulders are broken up as he approaches. 7 The Lord is good—indeed, he is a fortress in time of distress, and he protects those who seek refuge in him.⁠ 8 But with an overwhelming flood he will make a complete end of Nineveh; he will drive his enemies into darkness.⁠

Announcement of Punishment against Nineveh and Salvation for Judah

9 Whatever you plot against the Lord, he will completely destroy! Distress will not arise a second time. 10 Surely they will be totally consumed like entangled thornbushes, like the drink of drunkards, like very dry stubble.⁠ 11 From you, O Nineveh, one has marched forth who plots evil against the Lord, a wicked military strategist.⁠

12 This is what the Lord says:⁠ “Even though they are powerful—and what is more, even though their army is numerous—nevertheless, they will be destroyed and trickle away! Although I afflicted you, I will afflict you no more.⁠ 13 And now, I will break Assyria’s yoke bar from your neck; I will tear apart the shackles that are on you.”

14 The Lord has issued a decree against you: “Your dynasty will come to an end. I will destroy the idols and images in the temples of your gods. I will desecrate your grave, because you are accursed!”⁠

15 Look! A herald is running on the mountains! A messenger is proclaiming deliverance:⁠ “Celebrate your sacred festivals, O Judah! Fulfill your sacred vows to praise God! For never again will the wicked Assyrians invade you; they have been completely destroyed.”

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Compare Nahum 1:2 and Jonathan Nahum 1:2

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In the Hebrew version of Nahum, God takes vengeance on his enemies. In the Aramaic translation in Targum Jonathan, they are described as enemies of his people, making the defense of Israel the reason for his vengeance.

Passages

Nahum 1:2

Hebrew Bible
1 This is an oracle about Nineveh; the book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite:2 The Lord is a zealous and avenging God; the Lord is avenging and very angry. The Lord takes vengeance against his foes; he sustains his rage against his enemies.3 The Lord is slow to anger but great in power; the Lord will certainly not allow the wicked to go unpunished. He marches out in the whirlwind and the raging storm; dark storm clouds billow like dust under his feet.4 He shouts a battle cry against the sea and makes it dry up; he makes all the rivers run dry. Bashan and Carmel wither; the blossom of Lebanon withers.
663–601 BCE Read in Nahum

Jonathan Nahum 1:2

Targum · Targum Jonathan to the Prophets
1 The burden of the cup of cursing that Nineveh is to be made to drink. Earlier, Jonah son of Amittai from Gath Hepher prophesied against her, and she turned from her sins. Now that she has sinned again, Nahum from the house of Koshi prophesied against her again, as it is written in this record.2 The Lord is a God who judges and avenges. The Lord is an avenger, and great power is with him. The Lord is ready to take vengeance on those who hate his people, and to take it in mighty anger on his enemies. 3 The Lord is slow to anger, but great power is with him. The Lord is ready to take vengeance, but he forgives those who turn to the law, though he never fails to punish those who do not turn. The Lord leads in storm and wind, and casts clouds of darkness down before him.4 He rebukes the sea and makes it dry, and dries up all the rivers. Bashan and Carmel are desolate, and the trees of Lebanon droop.

References

“... Jerome’s commentary on Nahum begins with a number of theologi- cal observations on God’s zeal, jealousy, vengeance which have points of contact with the Targumic rendering of Nahum 1:2–3. Where the original Hebrew presents Nahum as saying that The Lord takes vengeance on his adversaries, and he reserveth wrath for his enemies (1:2) the Targum understands that the Lord is about to take revenge on those who hate his people, even with violent wrath on his enemies. Nahum’s prophecy is directed against Nineveh, the capital city of the Assyrian empire before its final disintegration. Jerome, like the Targum, makes the general description of the Hebrew text precise when he comments: The voice of the prophet praising God, because He is avenging the wrong done to his people by the Assyrians.45 Like the Targum to this verse, and to other places (e.g. Tg. Jer. 48:26–7) God fights, not his own adversaries, but the enemies of his people Israel. Such interpretation is very common in the Targum.46 ...”
C. T. R. Hayward, Targums and the Transmission of Scripture into Judaism and Christianity, SAIS 10 (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 312–313.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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