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Micah

About this book
Chapter 7

1 Woe is me! For I am like those gathering fruit and those harvesting grapes, when there is no grape cluster to eat and no fresh figs that my stomach craves. 2 Faithful men have disappeared from the land; there are no godly men left. They all wait in ambush to shed blood; they hunt their own brother with a net. 3 They are experts at doing evil; government officials and judges take bribes, prominent men announce what they wish, and then they plan it out. 4 The best of them is like a thorn; their godly are like a thornbush. Woe to your watchmen; your appointed punishment is on the way. The time of their confusion is now. 5 Do not rely on a friend; do not trust a companion! Even with the one who lies in your arms, do not share secrets! 6 For a son thinks his father is a fool, a daughter challenges her mother, and a daughter-in-law her mother-in-law; a man’s enemies are his own family.⁠ 7 But I will keep watching for the Lord; I will wait for the God who delivers me. My God will listen to me. 8 My enemies, do not gloat over me! Though I have fallen, I will get up. Though I sit in darkness, the Lord will be my light. 9 I must endure the Lord’s fury, for I have sinned against him. But then he will defend my cause and accomplish justice on my behalf. He will lead me out into the light; I will witness his deliverance. 10 When my enemies see this, they will be covered with shame. They say to me, “Where is the Lord your God?” I will gloat over them; then they will be trampled down like mud in the streets.⁠ 11 It will be a day for rebuilding your walls; in that day your boundary will be extended. 12 In that day people will come to you from Assyria as far as Egypt, from Egypt as far as the Euphrates River, from the seacoasts and the mountains. 13 The earth will become desolate because of what its inhabitants have done. 14 Shepherd your people with your rod, the flock that belongs to you, the one that lives alone in a thicket, in the midst of a pastureland. Allow them to graze in Bashan and Gilead, as they did in the old days. 15 “As in the days when you departed from the land of Egypt, I will show you miraculous deeds.”⁠ 16 Nations will see this and be disappointed by all their strength; they will put their hands over their mouths and act as if they were deaf. 17 They will lick the dust like a snake, like serpents crawling on the ground.⁠ They will come trembling from their strongholds to the Lord our God; they will be terrified of you. 18 Who is a God like you? Who forgives sin and pardons the rebellion of those who remain among his people? Who does not stay angry forever, but delights in showing loyal love?⁠ 19 Who will once again have mercy on us? Who will conquer our evil deeds? Who will hurl all our sins into the depths of the sea?⁠ 20 You will be loyal to Jacob and extend your loyal love to Abraham, which you promised on oath to our ancestors in ancient times.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 15:21 and Micah 7:19

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Micah describes sin as cast into the depths of the sea using language drawn from the song of the sea in Exodus 15, where the defeat of Egypt is celebrated with the image of horse and rider thrown into the waters.

Passages

Exodus 15:21

Hebrew Bible
19 For the horses of Pharaoh came with his chariots and his footmen into the sea, and the Lord brought back the waters of the sea on them, but the Israelites walked on dry land in the middle of the sea.” 20 Miriam the prophetess, the sister of Aaron, took a hand drum in her hand, and all the women went out after her with hand drums and with dances. 21 Miriam sang in response to them, “Sing to the Lord, for he has triumphed gloriously; the horse and its rider he has thrown into the sea.” 22 Then Moses led Israel to journey away from the Red Sea. They went out to the wilderness of Shur, walked for three days into the wilderness, and found no water. 23 Then they came to Marah, but they were not able to drink the waters of Marah, because they were bitter. (That is why its name was Marah.)
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Micah 7:19

Hebrew Bible
17 They will lick the dust like a snake, like serpents crawling on the ground. They will come trembling from their strongholds to the Lord our God; they will be terrified of you. 18 Who is a God like you? Who forgives sin and pardons the rebellion of those who remain among his people? Who does not stay angry forever, but delights in showing loyal love? 19 Who will once again have mercy on us? Who will conquer our evil deeds? Who will hurl all our sins into the depths of the sea? 20 You will be loyal to Jacob and extend your loyal love to Abraham, which you promised on oath to our ancestors in ancient times.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Micah

References

"... Exodus 15:21: In Mesopotamia and Mari, defendants in difficult legal cases might be thrown into a river. Survivors were acquitted and the drowned posthumously convicted. In the Northwest Semitic region proper, evidence for the waters' judicial role might be found in the Ugaritic deity 'Judge River'. Combining Marqah and McCarter, one could then argue that the Suph Sea crossing was a symbolic ordeal, which Israel passed and Egypt failed. I would have reservations about such an approach, however. McCarter considers it immaterial whether the river ordeal was a living Israelite institution. But even if the image is a literary fossil, we must posit a Northwest Semitic river ordeal in some period, and, for the moment, we lack any relevant evidence beyond the divine title 'Judge River,' which could also be interpreted 'Chieftain River.' Some of McCarter's biblical examples use legal terminology in a highly suggestive manner. But until we find evidence of the ordeal from Israel or Canaan, the hypothesis remains speculative. (Should future discoveries corroborate McCarter's argument, we should be alert to puns between 'overflow' and 'judge') A somewhat related approach views the passage through the Sea, not as an ordeal, but as a cleansing. This is more believable. Throughout the Bible, water purifies physically and spiritually (e.g., Genesis 6:11-12; Exodus 29:4; 2 Kings 5; Micah 7:19; Psalm 26:6) ..."
William H. C. Propp, Exodus 1–18: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, AB 2 (New York: Doubleday, 1999), 561.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 15:21 and Micah 7:19

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