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Matthew

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Chapter 21

1 Now when they approached Jerusalem and came to Bethphage, at the Mount of Olives, Jesus sent two disciples, 2 telling them, “Go to the village ahead of you. Right away you will find a donkey tied there, and a colt with her. Untie them and bring them to me. 3 If anyone says anything to you, you are to say, ‘The Lord needs them,’ and he will send them at once.” 4 This took place to fulfill what was spoken by the prophet:⁠ 5 “Tell the people of Zion, ‘Look, your king is coming to you, unassuming and seated on a donkey, and on a colt, the foal of a donkey.’”⁠ 6 So the disciples went and did as Jesus had instructed them. 7 They brought the donkey and the colt and placed their cloaks on them, and he sat on them. 8 A very large crowd spread their cloaks on the road. Others cut branches from the trees and spread them on the road.⁠ 9 The crowds that went ahead of him and those following kept shouting, “Hosanna to the Son of David!⁠ Blessed is the one who comes in the name of the Lord! Hosanna in the highest!” 10 As he entered Jerusalem the whole city was thrown into an uproar, saying, “Who is this?” 11 And the crowds were saying, “This is the prophet Jesus, from Nazareth in Galilee.” 12 Then Jesus entered the temple area and drove out all those who were selling and buying in the temple courts and turned over the tables of the money changers and the chairs of those selling doves.⁠ 13 And he said to them, “It is written, ‘My house will be called a house of prayer,’ but you are turning it into a den of robbers!” 14 The blind and lame came to him in the temple courts, and he healed them. 15 But when the chief priests and the experts in the law saw the wonderful things he did and heard the children crying out in the temple courts, “Hosanna to the Son of David,” they became indignant 16 and said to him, “Do you hear what they are saying?” Jesus said to them, “Yes. Have you never read, ‘Out of the mouths of children and nursing infants you have prepared praise for yourself’?”⁠ 17 And leaving them, he went out of the city to Bethany and spent the night there. 18 Now early in the morning, as he returned to the city, he was hungry. 19 After noticing a fig tree by the road he went to it, but found nothing on it except leaves. He said to it, “Never again will there be fruit from you!” And the fig tree withered at once. 20 When the disciples saw it they were amazed, saying, “How did the fig tree wither so quickly?” 21 Jesus answered them, “I tell you the truth, if you have faith and do not doubt, not only will you do what was done to the fig tree, but even if you say to this mountain, ‘Be lifted up and thrown into the sea,’ it will happen. 22 And whatever you ask in prayer, if you believe, you will receive.” 23 Now after Jesus entered the temple courts, the chief priests and elders of the people came up to him as he was teaching and said, “By what authority are you doing these things, and who gave you this authority?” 24 Jesus answered them, “I will also ask you one question. If you answer me then I will also tell you by what authority I do these things. 25 Where did John’s baptism come from? From heaven or from people?” They discussed this among themselves, saying, “If we say, ‘From heaven,’ he will say, ‘Then why did you not believe him?’ 26 But if we say, ‘From people,’ we fear the crowd, for they all consider John to be a prophet.” 27 So they answered Jesus, “We don’t know.” Then he said to them, “Neither will I tell you by what authority I am doing these things. 28 “What do you think? A man had two sons. He went to the first and said, ‘Son, go and work in the vineyard today.’ 29 The boy answered, ‘I will not.’ But later he had a change of heart and went. 30 The father went to the other son and said the same thing. This boy answered, ‘I will, sir,’ but did not go. 31 Which of the two did his father’s will?” They said, “The first.” Jesus said to them, “I tell you the truth, tax collectors and prostitutes will go ahead of you into the kingdom of God! 32 For John came to you in the way of righteousness, and you did not believe him. But the tax collectors and prostitutes did believe. Although you saw this, you did not later change your minds and believe him. 33 “Listen to another parable: There was a landowner who planted a vineyard. He put a fence around it, dug a pit for its winepress, and built a watchtower.⁠ Then he leased it to tenant farmers and went on a journey. 34 When the harvest time was near, he sent his slaves to the tenants to collect his portion of the crop. 35 But the tenants seized his slaves, beat one, killed another, and stoned another. 36 Again he sent other slaves, more than the first, and they treated them the same way. 37 Finally he sent his son to them, saying, ‘They will respect my son.’ 38 But when the tenants saw the son, they said to themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let’s kill him and get his inheritance!’⁠ 39 So they seized him, threw him out of the vineyard, and killed him. 40 Now when the owner of the vineyard comes, what will he do to those tenants?” 41 They said to him, “He will utterly destroy those evil men! Then he will lease the vineyard to other tenants who will give him his portion at the harvest.”⁠ 42 Jesus said to them, “Have you never read in the scriptures: “‘The stone the builders rejected has become the cornerstone. This is from the Lord, and it is marvelous in our eyes’? 43 “For this reason I tell you that the kingdom of God will be taken from you and given to a people who will produce its fruit.⁠ 44 The one who falls on this stone will be broken to pieces, and the one on whom it falls will be crushed.” 45 When the chief priests and the Pharisees heard his parables, they realized that he was speaking about them. 46 They wanted to arrest him, but they were afraid of the crowds because the crowds regarded him as a prophet.

Texts in conversation

Compare LXX Zechariah 9:9 and Matthew 21:5

Septuagint · New Testament

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Summary

In Matthew 21, the quote from Zechariah 9 blends the Hebrew and Septuagint versions, creating an image of Jesus riding two animals. This comes from reading the poetic repetition in Zechariah literally, using two animals where the original meant one.

Passages

LXX Zechariah 9:9

Septuagint
7 And I will take their blood out of their mouth, and their abominations from between their teeth; and he also shall be left to our God, and they shall be as a captain of a thousand in Judah, and Ekron as a Jebusite. 8 And I will set up a defense for my house, that they may not pass through, nor turn back, neither shall there any more come upon them one to drive them away: for now I have seen with my eyes. 9 Rejoice greatly, daughter of Zion; proclaim it aloud, daughter of Jerusalem; look, your King is coming to you, just, and a Savior; he is meek and riding on an donkey, and a young foal. 10 And he shall destroy the chariots out of Ephraim, and the horse out of Jerusalem, and the bow of war shall be utterly destroyed; and there shall be abundance and peace out of the nations; and he shall rule over the waters as far as the sea, and the rivers to the ends of the earth.
100–1 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Zechariah

Matthew 21:5

New Testament
1 Now when they approached Jerusalem and came to Bethphage, at the Mount of Olives, Jesus sent two disciples, 2 telling them, “Go to the village ahead of you. Right away you will find a donkey tied there, and a colt with her. Untie them and bring them to me. 3 If anyone says anything to you, you are to say, ‘The Lord needs them,’ and he will send them at once.” 4 This took place to fulfill what was spoken by the prophet: 5 “Tell the people of Zion, ‘Look, your king is coming to you, unassuming and seated on a donkey, and on a colt, the foal of a donkey.’” 6 So the disciples went and did as Jesus had instructed them. 7 They brought the donkey and the colt and placed their cloaks on them, and he sat on them. 8 A very large crowd spread their cloaks on the road. Others cut branches from the trees and spread them on the road.
70–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Matthew

References

"... Unlike with most other FCs, Matthew 21:5 (= Zechariah 9:9) does not appear to be Matthew’s “discovery”: John also cites this text (John 12:15), and Mark may well allude to it (Mark 11:2, 7). But Matthew gives the citation his own distinctive interpretation ... The so-called “triumphal entry,” Matthew 21:1-17 narrates how Jesus, celebrated by “the crowds” as “Son of David” but regarded suspiciously by (all!) the “city’s” inhabitants, finally enters Jerusalem and the Temple, drives out the buyers, sellers, and moneychangers, heals the blind and lame, receives further acclaim (from the children) and further suspicion (from the leaders), and retreats to Bethany. Near the beginning of the pericope, a conflated FC announces fulfillment: “[Isaiah 62:11 Masoretic/LXX] Tell the daughter of Zion, [Zechariah 9:9 LXX] Look, your king is coming to you, humble, and mounted on a donkey, and on [Zechariah 9:9 MT] a colt, the foal of a donkey.” Fulfilling the prophecy, Jesus then rides both a donkey and colt. A reading of this FC should begin with the obvious question: why does Matthew apparently portray Jesus as “a trick rider balancing himself on two animals at the same time”? It is this multiplicity of animals that underwrites a common reading of Matthew’s hermeneutic. For many scholars, so strange is the image that it can mean only one thing: Matthew is not using Scripture to interpret a story but rather to manufacture one. The “circus spectacle” is a result of the fact that Matthew, with his prediction–verification hermeneutic, would create “an exact correspondence with the actual wording” of Zechariah 9:9, but, failing to appreciate the Hebrew parallelism, thinks such a correspondence requires two animals. Scripture has two animals; Jesus fulfills predictions; ergo, Jesus rode two animals ..."
Zack C. Phillips, “Filling Up the Word: The Fulfillment Citations in Matthew’s Gospel” (PhD diss., Duke University, 2017), 282–284.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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LXX Zechariah 9:9 and Matthew 21:5

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