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KTU

Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit

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Aqhat

KTU 1.19 I

[Of] Aqhat.
The bow of Aqhat came down into the midst of the waters;
the arrows of the hero fell into the depths. Shattered was the bow of Aqhat the hero,
shattered was ‘Precious’, the bow of the son of Danel.
Virgin Anat came back,
the Beloved of the Powerful One returned. She picked up the quiver
in his hands, as a singer a lyre in his fingers.
Like a chisel was her mouth;
her teeth seized him and she devoured his entrails.
She cleft him like the heart of a terebinth,
and cut the cadaver in two. She divided his cadaver,
She dismembered Aqhat. He was put down like a mighty serpent,
like a huge viper in a sheepfold, like a dog deserving a stick. I struck him.
Now because of his bow I struck him;
on account of his arrows I certainly did not let him live,
yet his bow has not been given to me;
and because of his death the land is atrophied,
the first-fruits of summer shriveled, the ears of corn in their husks.
Then Danel the man of healing,
at once the hero, the devotee of Hrnm, arose
and sat by the entrance to the gate,
beneath the trees which were by the threshing-floor. He tried the case of the widow,⁠
he judged the cause of the orphan.
[…]
[…]
On lifting up her eyes she saw
that the fleece on the threshing-floor was dry,
that the field was wilted,
that the fruit of the orchard was shriveled.
Over her father’s house some falcons hovered,
a flock of hawks was watching.
Pughat wept in her heart,⁠
she cried in her liver.
She tore the garment of Danel the man of healing,
the cloak of the hero, the devotee of Hrnm.
Then Danel the man of healing cursed the clouds,⁠
which rain on the dreadful heat, the clouds which rain on the summer-fruit,
the dew which settles on the grapes:
“For seven years Baal shall fail,
for eight, the Charioteer of the clouds!
No dew, no rain, no welling up of the deeps, no goodness of Baal’s voice!⁠
no surging of the two deeps, no⁠
For she has torn the garment of Danel the man of healing,
the cloak of the hero, the devotee of Hrnm!”
Aloud to his daughter [Danel cried out]:

Texts in conversation

Compare KTU 1.19 I:23 and Deuteronomy 10:18

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

The Ugaritic story of Danel describes a ruler at the gate defending widows and orphans. Deuteronomy follows this tradition and uses it to describe God, who defends the helpless. Deuteronomy reshapes this royal duty into a divine attribute.

Passages

KTU 1.19 I:23

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Then Danel the man of healing, at once the hero, the devotee of Hrnm, arose and sat by the entrance to the gate, beneath the trees which were by the threshing-floor. He tried the case of the widow, he judged the cause of the orphan. […] […] On lifting up her eyes she saw that the fleece on the threshing-floor was dry, that the field was wilted, that the fruit of the orchard was shriveled. Over her father’s house some falcons hovered, a flock of hawks was watching. Pughat wept in her heart, she cried in her liver. She tore the garment of Danel the man of healing, the cloak of the hero, the devotee of Hrnm.
1350–1185 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KTU

Deuteronomy 10:18

Hebrew Bible
16 Therefore, circumcise your hearts and stop being so stubborn! 17 For the Lord your God is God of gods and Lord of lords, the great, mighty, and awesome God who is unbiased and takes no bribe, 18 who justly treats the orphan and widow, and who loves resident foreigners, giving them food and clothing. 19 So you must love the resident foreigner because you were foreigners in the land of Egypt.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

References

"... Since these prophetic texts are from the late monarchy and early exilic period, as are the references in Deuteronomy and the Holiness Code, there is no need to tie concern for the ger to this particular historical event of the late eighth century. The combined concerns of Exodus 22:20–21 belong to the same horizon as the exilic prophetic texts and the other two law codes on which it is dependent. In recent traditio-historical discussions on the combination of these three, the stranger, orphan, and widow, much has been made of the order and arrangement of these groups. It has been observed that within the Deuteronomic tradition generally, there is a fairly fixed order of “stranger-orphan-widow”, which is also followed in Jeremiah 7:6; 22:3; Ezekiel 22:7 (but orphan-widow-stranger in Deuteronomy 10:18). The order in the Covenant Code, however, is different, with the sequence of widow-orphan. Lohfink takes from this the view that the Covenant Code does not yet reflect the fixed formula of Deuteronomy, but in Zechariah 7:10 and Malachi 3:5 the order corresponds to that of the Covenant Code ..."
John Van Seters, A Law Book for the Diaspora: Revision in the Study of the Covenant Code (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 131–132.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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KTU 1.19 I:23 and Deuteronomy 10:18

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