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Judges

About this book
Chapter 19

1 In those days Israel had no king. There was a Levite living temporarily in the remote region of the Ephraimite hill country. He acquired a concubine from Bethlehem in Judah. 2 However, she was unfaithful to him*⁠ and went home to her father’s house in Bethlehem in Judah. When she had been there four months, 3 her husband came after her, hoping he could convince her to return. He brought with him his servant and a pair of donkeys. When she brought him into her father’s house and the girl’s father saw him, he greeted him warmly. 4 His father-in-law, the girl’s father, persuaded him to stay with him for three days, and they ate and drank together, and spent the night there. 5 On the fourth day they woke up early and the Levite got ready to leave. But the girl’s father said to his son-in-law, “Have a bite to eat for some energy, then you can go.” 6 So the two of them sat down and had a meal together. Then the girl’s father said to the man, “Why not stay another night and have a good time?” 7 When the man got ready to leave, his father-in-law convinced him to stay another night. 8 He woke up early in the morning on the fifth day so he could leave, but the girl’s father said, “Get some energy! Wait until later in the day to leave.” So they ate a meal together. 9 When the man got ready to leave with his concubine and his servant, his father-in-law, the girl’s father, said to him, “Look! The day is almost over. Stay another night! Since the day is over, stay another night here and have a good time. You can get up early tomorrow and start your trip home.” 10 But the man did not want to stay another night. He left and traveled as far as Jebus (that is, Jerusalem). He had with him a pair of saddled donkeys and his concubine. 11 When they got near Jebus, it was getting quite late and the servant said to his master, “Come on, let’s stop at this Jebusite city and spend the night in it.” 12 But his master said to him, “We should not stop at a foreign city where non-Israelites live. We will travel on to Gibeah.” 13 He said to his servant, “Come on, we will go into one of the other towns and spend the night in Gibeah or Ramah.” 14 So they traveled on, and the sun went down when they were near Gibeah in the territory of Benjamin. 15 They stopped there and decided to spend the night in Gibeah. They came into the city and sat down in the town square,⁠ but no one invited them to spend the night. 16 But then an old man passed by, returning at the end of the day from his work in the field. The man was from the Ephraimite hill country; he was living temporarily in Gibeah. (The residents of the town were Benjaminites.) 17 When he looked up and saw the traveler in the town square, the old man said, “Where are you heading? Where do you come from?” 18 The Levite said to him, “We are traveling from Bethlehem in Judah to the remote region of the Ephraimite hill country. That’s where I’m from. I had business in Bethlehem in Judah, but now I’m heading home. But no one has invited me into their home. 19 We have enough straw and grain for our donkeys, and there is enough food and wine for me, your female servant, and the young man who is with your servants. We lack nothing.” 20 The old man said, “Everything is just fine. I will take care of all your needs. But don’t spend the night in the town square.” 21 So he brought him to his house and fed the donkeys. They washed their feet and had a meal. 22 They were having a good time, when suddenly some men of the city, some good-for-nothings, surrounded the house and kept beating on the door. They said to the old man who owned the house, “Send out the man who came to visit you so we can take carnal knowledge of him.”⁠ 23 The man who owned the house went outside and said to them, “No, my brothers! Don’t do this wicked thing! After all, this man is a guest in my house. Don’t do such a disgraceful thing!⁠ 24 Here are my virgin daughter and my guest’s concubine. I will send them out, and you can abuse them and do to them whatever you like. But don’t do such a disgraceful thing to this man!” 25 The men refused to listen to him, so the Levite grabbed his concubine and made her go outside. They raped her and abused her all night long until morning. They let her go at dawn. 26 The woman arrived back at daybreak and was sprawled out on the doorstep of the house where her master was staying until it became light. 27 When her master got up in the morning, opened the doors of the house, and went outside to start on his journey, there was the woman, his concubine, sprawled out on the doorstep of the house with her hands on the threshold. 28 He said to her, “Get up, let’s leave.” But there was no response. He put her on the donkey and went home. 29 When he got home, he took a knife, grasped his concubine, and carved her up into twelve pieces. Then he sent the pieces throughout Israel.⁠ 30 Everyone who saw the sight said, “Nothing like this has happened or been witnessed during the entire time since the Israelites left the land of Egypt! Take careful note of it! Discuss it and speak!”

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 19:2 and Judges 19:15

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Genesis 19 and Judges 19 tell very similar stories. Visitors are hosted, a crowd surrounds the house, demands the men, and a woman is offered instead. The story pattern points to a common tradition behind both accounts.

Passages

Genesis 19:2

Hebrew Bible
1 The two angels came to Sodom in the evening while Lot was sitting in the city’s gateway. When Lot saw them, he got up to meet them and bowed down with his face toward the ground. 2 He said, “Here, my lords, please turn aside to your servant’s house. Stay the night and wash your feet. Then you can be on your way early in the morning.” “No,” they replied, “we’ll spend the night in the town square.” 3 But he urged them persistently, so they turned aside with him and entered his house. He prepared a feast for them, including bread baked without yeast, and they ate. 4 Before they could lie down to sleep, all the men—both young and old, from every part of the city of Sodom—surrounded the house. 5 They shouted to Lot, “Where are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us so we can take carnal knowledge of them!” 6 Lot went outside to them, shutting the door behind him. 7 He said, “No, my brothers! Don’t act so wickedly! 8 Look, I have two daughters who have never been intimate with a man. Let me bring them out to you, and you can do to them whatever you please. Only don’t do anything to these men, for they have come under the protection of my roof.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Judges 19:15

Hebrew Bible
14 So they traveled on, and the sun went down when they were near Gibeah in the territory of Benjamin. 15 They stopped there and decided to spend the night in Gibeah. They came into the city and sat down in the town square, but no one invited them to spend the night. 16 But then an old man passed by, returning at the end of the day from his work in the field. The man was from the Ephraimite hill country; he was living temporarily in Gibeah. (The residents of the town were Benjaminites.) 17 When he looked up and saw the traveler in the town square, the old man said, “Where are you heading? Where do you come from?” 18 The Levite said to him, “We are traveling from Bethlehem in Judah to the remote region of the Ephraimite hill country. That’s where I’m from. I had business in Bethlehem in Judah, but now I’m heading home. But no one has invited me into their home. 19 We have enough straw and grain for our donkeys, and there is enough food and wine for me, your female servant, and the young man who is with your servants. We lack nothing.” 20 The old man said, “Everything is just fine. I will take care of all your needs. But don’t spend the night in the town square.” 21 So he brought him to his house and fed the donkeys. They washed their feet and had a meal. 22 They were having a good time, when suddenly some men of the city, some good-for-nothings, surrounded the house and kept beating on the door. They said to the old man who owned the house, “Send out the man who came to visit you so we can take carnal knowledge of him.” 23 The man who owned the house went outside and said to them, “No, my brothers! Don’t do this wicked thing! After all, this man is a guest in my house. Don’t do such a disgraceful thing! 24 Here are my virgin daughter and my guest’s concubine. I will send them out, and you can abuse them and do to them whatever you like. But don’t do such a disgraceful thing to this man!”
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Judges

References

"... Here is an even more striking case: In the famous J story of Sodom and Gomorrah, two travelers (who happen to be angels) arrive in Sodom. Lot, who is Abraham’s nephew, shows them hospitality, but the people of Sodom surround the house and demand that he send the guests out to the crowd. In a story that is found in the text that I identified in the book of Judges, some travelers (a man and his concubine) arrive in a city in Benjamin. One man shows them hospitality, but the people of the city surround the house and demand that he send the guest out to the crowd. In Genesis Lot says to the angels, “Turn ... and spend the night” (Genesis 19:2). In Judges the travelers “turned to spend the night” (Judges 19:15). In Genesis the angels answer, “We’ll spend the night in the square”. In Judges the old man says, “Don’t spend the night in the square”. In Genesis Lot “pressed” the men to spend the night. In Judges the concubine’s father “pressed” his son-in-law to spend the night. Genesis says, “and they came to his house”. Judges says, “and he had him come to his house”. In Genesis Lot offers the visitors the washing of feet. In Judges, too, “they washed their feet”. In Genesis, “the people of the city surrounded the house”. In Judges, “the people of the city surrounded the house”. The people of Sodom tell Lot, “Bring them out to us, and let’s know them!”. In Judges, the people say, “Bring out the man ... and let’s know him!”. In Genesis Lot goes out to talk to the crowd: “And Lot went out to them”. In Judges the old man goes out to the crowd: “And the man went out to them”. Lot pleads with the crowd: “Don’t do bad, my brothers”. The old man pleads: “Don’t, my brothers. Don’t do bad”. Lot offers his virgin daughters to the crowd. The old man offers his virgin daughter to the crowd. Lot “delays” The man and the concubine in Judges “delay”. It should be getting obvious that there is something going on here that is more than an editor with an eraser and a pencil. And there is further evidence that it is something pervasive that is happening. There are at least five sets of these parallel stories that have dense clusters of common terminology spread through this connected group of texts. They occur all across the group: in J, Joshua, Judges, 1 Samuel, and 2 Samuel ..."
Richard Elliott Friedman, The Hidden Book in the Bible (San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1998), 24–25.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 19:2 and Judges 19:15

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