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Genesis

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Lot and the Destruction of Sodom

Chapter 19

1 The two angels came to Sodom in the evening while Lot was sitting in the city’s gateway.⁠ When Lot saw them, he got up to meet them and bowed down with his face toward the ground. 2 He said, “Here, my lords, please turn aside to your servant’s house. Stay the night⁠ and wash your feet. Then you can be on your way early in the morning.” “No,” they replied, “we’ll spend the night in the town square.” 3 But he urged them persistently, so they turned aside with him and entered his house. He prepared a feast for them, including bread baked without yeast, and they ate. 4 Before they could lie down to sleep, all the men—both young and old, from every part of the city of Sodom—surrounded the house. 5 They shouted to Lot, “Where are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us so we can take carnal knowledge of them!”⁠ 6 Lot went outside to them, shutting the door behind him. 7 He said, “No, my brothers! Don’t act so wickedly! 8 Look, I have two daughters who have never been intimate with a man. Let me bring them out to you, and you can do to them whatever you please. Only don’t do anything to these men, for they have come under the protection of my roof.” 9 “Out of our way!” they cried, “This man came to live here as a foreigner, and now he dares to judge us! We’ll do more harm to you than to them!” They kept pressing in on Lot until they were close enough to break down the door. 10 So the men inside reached out and pulled Lot back into the house as they shut the door. 11 Then they struck the men who were at the door of the house, from the youngest to the oldest, with blindness. The men outside wore themselves out trying to find the door. 12 Then the two visitors said to Lot, “Who else do you have here? Do you have any sons-in-law, sons, daughters, or other relatives in the city? Get them out of this place 13 because we are about to destroy it. The outcry against this place is so great before the Lord that he has sent us to destroy it.” 14 Then Lot went out and spoke to his sons-in-law who were going to marry his daughters. He said, “Quick, get out of this place because the Lord is about to destroy the city!” But his sons-in-law thought he was ridiculing them. 15 At dawn the angels hurried Lot along, saying, “Get going! Take your wife and your two daughters who are here, or else you will be destroyed when the city is judged!” 16 When Lot hesitated, the men grabbed his hand and the hands of his wife and two daughters because the Lord had compassion on them. They led them away and placed them outside the city. 17 When they had brought them outside, they said, “Run for your lives! Don’t look behind you or stop anywhere in the valley! Escape to the mountains or you will be destroyed!” 18 But Lot said to them, “No, please, Lord! 19 Your servant has found favor with you, and you have shown me great kindness by sparing my life. But I am not able to escape to the mountains because this disaster will overtake me and I’ll die. 20 Look, this town over here is close enough to escape to, and it’s just a little one. Let me go there. It’s just a little place, isn’t it? Then I’ll survive.” 21 “Very well,” he replied, “I will grant this request too and will not overthrow the town you mentioned. 22 Run there quickly, for I cannot do anything until you arrive there.” (This incident explains why the town was called Zoar.) 23 The sun had just risen over the land as Lot reached Zoar. 24 Then the Lord rained down sulfur and fire on Sodom and Gomorrah. It was sent down from the sky by the Lord.⁠ 25 So he overthrew those cities and all that region, including all the inhabitants of the cities and the vegetation that grew from the ground.⁠ 26 But Lot’s wife looked back longingly and was turned into a pillar of salt.⁠ 27 Abraham got up early in the morning and went to the place where he had stood before the Lord. 28 He looked out toward Sodom and Gomorrah and all the land of that region. As he did so, he saw the smoke rising up from the land like smoke from a furnace.⁠ 29 So when God destroyed the cities of the region, God honored Abraham’s request. He removed Lot from the midst of the destruction when he destroyed the cities Lot had lived in.

Lot and His Daughters

30 Lot went up from Zoar with his two daughters and settled in the mountains because he was afraid to live in Zoar. So he lived in a cave with his two daughters. 31 Later the older daughter said to the younger, “Our father is old, and there is no man in the country to sleep with us, the way everyone does. 32 Come, let’s make our father drunk with wine so we can go to bed with him and preserve our family line through our father.”⁠ 33 So that night they made their father drunk with wine, and the older daughter came in and went to bed with her father. But he was not aware of when she lay down with him or when she got up. 34 So in the morning the older daughter said to the younger, “Since I went to bed with my father last night, let’s make him drunk again tonight. Then you go in and go to bed with him so we can preserve our family line through our father.” 35 So they made their father drunk that night as well, and the younger one came and went to bed with him. But he was not aware of when she lay down with him or when she got up. 36 In this way both of Lot’s daughters became pregnant by their father.⁠ 37 The older daughter gave birth to a son and named him Moab. He is the ancestor of the Moabites of today. 38 The younger daughter also gave birth to a son and named him Ben Ammi. He is the ancestor of the Ammonites of today.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 19:2 and Judges 19:15

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Genesis 19 and Judges 19 tell very similar stories. Visitors are hosted, a crowd surrounds the house, demands the men, and a woman is offered instead. The story pattern points to a common tradition behind both accounts.

Passages

Genesis 19:2

Hebrew Bible
1 The two angels came to Sodom in the evening while Lot was sitting in the city’s gateway. When Lot saw them, he got up to meet them and bowed down with his face toward the ground. 2 He said, “Here, my lords, please turn aside to your servant’s house. Stay the night and wash your feet. Then you can be on your way early in the morning.” “No,” they replied, “we’ll spend the night in the town square.” 3 But he urged them persistently, so they turned aside with him and entered his house. He prepared a feast for them, including bread baked without yeast, and they ate. 4 Before they could lie down to sleep, all the men—both young and old, from every part of the city of Sodom—surrounded the house. 5 They shouted to Lot, “Where are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us so we can take carnal knowledge of them!” 6 Lot went outside to them, shutting the door behind him. 7 He said, “No, my brothers! Don’t act so wickedly! 8 Look, I have two daughters who have never been intimate with a man. Let me bring them out to you, and you can do to them whatever you please. Only don’t do anything to these men, for they have come under the protection of my roof.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Judges 19:15

Hebrew Bible
14 So they traveled on, and the sun went down when they were near Gibeah in the territory of Benjamin. 15 They stopped there and decided to spend the night in Gibeah. They came into the city and sat down in the town square, but no one invited them to spend the night. 16 But then an old man passed by, returning at the end of the day from his work in the field. The man was from the Ephraimite hill country; he was living temporarily in Gibeah. (The residents of the town were Benjaminites.) 17 When he looked up and saw the traveler in the town square, the old man said, “Where are you heading? Where do you come from?” 18 The Levite said to him, “We are traveling from Bethlehem in Judah to the remote region of the Ephraimite hill country. That’s where I’m from. I had business in Bethlehem in Judah, but now I’m heading home. But no one has invited me into their home. 19 We have enough straw and grain for our donkeys, and there is enough food and wine for me, your female servant, and the young man who is with your servants. We lack nothing.” 20 The old man said, “Everything is just fine. I will take care of all your needs. But don’t spend the night in the town square.” 21 So he brought him to his house and fed the donkeys. They washed their feet and had a meal. 22 They were having a good time, when suddenly some men of the city, some good-for-nothings, surrounded the house and kept beating on the door. They said to the old man who owned the house, “Send out the man who came to visit you so we can take carnal knowledge of him.” 23 The man who owned the house went outside and said to them, “No, my brothers! Don’t do this wicked thing! After all, this man is a guest in my house. Don’t do such a disgraceful thing! 24 Here are my virgin daughter and my guest’s concubine. I will send them out, and you can abuse them and do to them whatever you like. But don’t do such a disgraceful thing to this man!”
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Judges

References

"... Here is an even more striking case: In the famous J story of Sodom and Gomorrah, two travelers (who happen to be angels) arrive in Sodom. Lot, who is Abraham’s nephew, shows them hospitality, but the people of Sodom surround the house and demand that he send the guests out to the crowd. In a story that is found in the text that I identified in the book of Judges, some travelers (a man and his concubine) arrive in a city in Benjamin. One man shows them hospitality, but the people of the city surround the house and demand that he send the guest out to the crowd. In Genesis Lot says to the angels, “Turn ... and spend the night” (Genesis 19:2). In Judges the travelers “turned to spend the night” (Judges 19:15). In Genesis the angels answer, “We’ll spend the night in the square”. In Judges the old man says, “Don’t spend the night in the square”. In Genesis Lot “pressed” the men to spend the night. In Judges the concubine’s father “pressed” his son-in-law to spend the night. Genesis says, “and they came to his house”. Judges says, “and he had him come to his house”. In Genesis Lot offers the visitors the washing of feet. In Judges, too, “they washed their feet”. In Genesis, “the people of the city surrounded the house”. In Judges, “the people of the city surrounded the house”. The people of Sodom tell Lot, “Bring them out to us, and let’s know them!”. In Judges, the people say, “Bring out the man ... and let’s know him!”. In Genesis Lot goes out to talk to the crowd: “And Lot went out to them”. In Judges the old man goes out to the crowd: “And the man went out to them”. Lot pleads with the crowd: “Don’t do bad, my brothers”. The old man pleads: “Don’t, my brothers. Don’t do bad”. Lot offers his virgin daughters to the crowd. The old man offers his virgin daughter to the crowd. Lot “delays” The man and the concubine in Judges “delay”. It should be getting obvious that there is something going on here that is more than an editor with an eraser and a pencil. And there is further evidence that it is something pervasive that is happening. There are at least five sets of these parallel stories that have dense clusters of common terminology spread through this connected group of texts. They occur all across the group: in J, Joshua, Judges, 1 Samuel, and 2 Samuel ..."
Richard Elliott Friedman, The Hidden Book in the Bible (San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1998), 24–25.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 19:2 and Judges 19:15

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