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1 From Jude, a slave of Jesus Christ and brother of James, to those who are called, wrapped in the love of God the Father and kept for Jesus Christ. 2 May mercy, peace, and love be lavished on you! 3 Dear friends, although I have been eager to write to you about our common salvation, I now feel compelled instead to write to encourage you to contend earnestly for the faith that was once for all entrusted to the saints. 4 For certain men have secretly slipped in among you—men who long ago were marked out for the condemnation I am about to describe—ungodly⁠ men who have turned the grace of our God into a license for evil and who deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ.⁠

Examples of Judgment

5 Now I desire to remind you (even though you have been fully informed of these facts once for all) that Jesus, having saved the people out of the land of Egypt, later destroyed those who did not believe. 6 You also know that the angels who did not keep within their proper domain but abandoned their own place of residence,⁠ he has kept in eternal chains in utter darkness, locked up for the judgment of the great Day.⁠ 7 So also Sodom and Gomorrah and the neighboring towns, since they indulged in sexual immorality and pursued unnatural desire in a way similar to these angels, are now displayed as an example by suffering the punishment of eternal fire.⁠ 8 Yet these men, as a result of their dreams, defile the flesh, reject authority, and insult the glorious ones. 9 But even when Michael the archangel was arguing with the devil and debating with him concerning Moses’⁠ body,⁠ he did not dare to bring a slanderous judgment, but said, “May the Lord rebuke you!”⁠ 10 But these men do not understand the things they slander, and they are being destroyed by the very things that, like irrational animals, they instinctively comprehend.⁠ 11 Woe to them! For they have traveled down Cain’s path, and because of greed have abandoned themselves to Balaam’s error;⁠ hence, they will certainly perish in Korah’s rebellion.⁠ 12 These men are dangerous reefs at your love feasts, feasting without reverence, feeding only themselves.⁠ They are waterless clouds, carried along by the winds;⁠ autumn trees without fruit—twice dead, uprooted;⁠ 13 wild sea waves, spewing out the foam of their shame;⁠ wayward stars for whom the utter depths of eternal darkness have been reserved.⁠ 14 Now Enoch, the seventh in descent beginning with Adam,⁠ even prophesied of them, saying,⁠ “Look! The Lord is coming with thousands and thousands of his holy ones,⁠ 15 to execute judgment on all, and to convict every person of all their thoroughly ungodly deeds that they have committed, and of all the harsh words that ungodly sinners have spoken against him.” 16 These people are grumblers and fault-finders who go wherever their desires lead them, and they give bombastic speeches, enchanting folks for their own gain.⁠

An Appeal to the Community

17 But you, dear friends—recall the predictions foretold by the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ. 18 For they said to you, “At the end of time there will come scoffers, propelled by their own ungodly desires.”⁠ 19 These people are divisive, worldly, devoid of the Spirit. 20 But you, dear friends, by building yourselves up in your most holy faith, by praying in the Holy Spirit, 21 maintain yourselves in the love of God while anticipating the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ that brings eternal life. 22 And have mercy on those who waver; 23 save others by snatching them out of the fire;⁠ have mercy on others, coupled with a fear of God, hating even the clothes stained by the flesh. 24 Now to the one who is able to keep you from falling, and to cause you to stand, rejoicing, without blemish before his glorious presence, 25 to the only God our Savior through Jesus Christ our Lord, be glory, majesty, power, and authority, before all time, and now, and for all eternity. Amen.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Enoch 2:1 and Jude 1:12

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · New Testament

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Summary

Jude describes false teachers with images like waterless clouds, fruitless trees, and wandering stars, imagery that is likely based on the language of 1 Enoch, demonstrating how it influenced early Christian tradition.

Passages

1 Enoch 2:1

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
1 Observe everything that occurs in the heaven, how the celestial bodies do not alter their paths, and the lights in the sky, how they all rise and set orderly, each in its own season, without deviating from their assigned courses. 2 Look at the earth, and pay attention to the things that unfold from beginning to end, how consistent they are, how nothing on earth changes, how all of God’s works appear to you. 3 Observe the summer and winter, how the entire earth is filled with water, and how clouds, dew, and rain cover it.
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

Jude 1:12

New Testament
10 But these men do not understand the things they slander, and they are being destroyed by the very things that, like irrational animals, they instinctively comprehend. 11 Woe to them! For they have traveled down Cain’s path, and because of greed have abandoned themselves to Balaam’s error; hence, they will certainly perish in Korah’s rebellion. 12 These men are dangerous reefs at your love feasts, feasting without reverence, feeding only themselves. They are waterless clouds, carried along by the winds; autumn trees without fruit—twice dead, uprooted; 13 wild sea waves, spewing out the foam of their shame; wayward stars for whom the utter depths of eternal darkness have been reserved.
60–80 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jude

References

"... The influence of 1 Enoch on Jude can be briefly summarized: 1) Jude cites 1 Enoch 1:9 to demonstrate that it had been prophesied that “the Lord” (here understood as Christ) would come to judge the ungodly. The quotation is introduced as a prophecy in precisely the language Matthew uses to cite Isaiah (Matthew 15:7). This is, in fact, the only formal citation in the Letter of Jude. Furthermore, Enoch is identified in no casual way, as though Jude were merely citing a convenient passage; rather, Enoch is designated as “the seventh from Adam,” and thus given a special place as an antediluvian figure who spoke at a symbolic point in the created order, a man who lived before the flood, amidst the immoral generation that, for Jude, corresponds to his own. 2) Jude 6 makes reference to the fall of the angels as a paradigmatic sin. Such a reference need not depend directly on 1 Enoch, for Genesis 6:1–4 was itself widely interpreted as referring to the Fall of the Watchers; but 1 Enoch 6–16 was the earliest and most influential version of this mythic event, and Jude’s description evinces enough terminological similarities to 1 Enoch that we may safely presume that this was his source. 3) In Jude 12–13 the opponents are depicted as “waterless clouds, fruitless trees, wild waves, wandering stars” - images apparently drawn from 1 Enoch 2:1–5:4 and 1 Enoch 80:2–8. Other allusions to Enochic language and motifs have been detected in Jude, but the current examples are sufficient to demonstrate that “1 Enoch 1–5 and related passages in the Enoch literature lie at the foundation of Jude’s exegetical work” ..."
Jeremy Hultin, “Jude’s Citation of 1 Enoch,” in Jewish and Christian Scriptures: The Function of “Canonical” and “Non-Canonical” Religious Texts, ed. James H. Charlesworth and Lee M. McDonald, Jewish and Christian Texts in Context and Related Studies 7 (London: T&T Clark International, 2010), 113–128.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Enoch 2:1 and Jude 1:12

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