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Jubilees

About this book

Sabbaths, Weeks, and Jubilees

Chapter 50

1 And after this commandment I made known to you the days of the Sabbaths in the desert of Sin, which is between Elim and Sinai. 2 And I told you of the Sabbaths of the land on Mount Sinai, and I told you of the jubilee years in the sabbaths of years: but I have not told you the year of it until you enter the land which you are to possess. 3 And the land also shall keep its sabbaths while they live on it, and they shall know the jubilee year. 4 Therefore I have ordained for you the year-weeks and the years and the jubilees: there are forty-nine jubilees⁠ from the days of Adam until today,⁠ and one week and two years [2410]: and there are yet forty years to come (lit. 'distant') for learning the commandments of the Lord, until they cross into the land of Canaan, crossing the Jordan to the west [2450]. 5 And the jubilees shall pass by, until Israel is cleansed from all guilt of sexual immorality, and impurity, and pollution, and sin, and error, and lives securely in all the land, and there shall be no more a Satan or any evil one, and the land shall be clean from that time forevermore.

The Sabbath Commandments

6 And here is the commandment regarding the Sabbaths — I have written (them) down for you — and all the judgments of its commandments. 7 Six days you shall labor, but on the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord your God. In it you shall do no kind of work, you and your sons, and your male and female servants, and all your cattle and the resident foreigner also who is with you. 8 And the man that does any work on it shall die: whoever desecrates that day, whoever lies with (his) wife, or whoever says he will do something on it, that he will set out on a journey on it in regard to any buying or selling: and whoever draws water on it which he had not prepared for himself on the sixth day, and whoever takes up any burden to carry it out of his tent or out of his house shall die. 9 You shall do no work whatever on the Sabbath day except what you have prepared for yourselves on the sixth day, so as to eat, and drink, and rest, and keep Sabbath from all work on that day, and to bless the Lord your God, who has given you a day of festival and a holy day: and this day is a day of the holy kingdom for all Israel among their days forever. 10 For the honor is great which the Lord has given to Israel that they should eat and drink and be satisfied on this festival day, and rest on it from all labor which belongs to the labor of the human beings except burning frankincense and bringing offerings and sacrifices before the Lord for days and for Sabbaths. 11 This work alone shall be done on the Sabbath-days in the sanctuary of the Lord your God; so that they may atone for Israel with sacrifice continually from day to day for a memorial well-pleasing before the Lord, and that He may receive them always from day to day just as you have been commanded. 12 And every man who does any work on it, or goes on a journey, or cultivates (his) farm, whether in his house or any other place, and whoever lights a fire, or rides on any animal, or travels by ship on the sea, and whoever strikes or kills anything, or slaughters an animal or a bird, or whoever catches an animal or a bird or a fish, or whoever fasts or makes war on the Sabbaths:⁠ 13 The man who does any of these things on the Sabbath shall die, so that the children of Israel shall observe the Sabbaths according to the commandments regarding the Sabbaths of the land, as it is written in the tablets, which He gave into my hands so that I should write out for you the commandments of the seasons, and the seasons according to the division of their days. With this the account of the division of the days is completed.

Texts in conversation

Compare Daniel 9:24 and Jubilees 50:4

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions

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Summary

Jubilees and Daniel use “weeks of years” to show history following a pattern. Jubilees counts 49 jubilees from Adam to its time, and Daniel describes seventy weeks of years, or 490 years. Both describe Israel’s history as ordered rather than random.

Passages

Daniel 9:24

Hebrew Bible
23 At the beginning of your requests a message went out, and I have come to convey it to you, for you are of great value in God’s sight. Therefore consider the message and understand the vision: 24 “Seventy weeks have been determined concerning your people and your holy city to put an end to rebellion, to bring sin to completion, to atone for iniquity, to bring in perpetual righteousness, to seal up the prophetic vision, and to anoint a Most Holy Place. 25 So know and understand: From the issuing of the command to restore and rebuild Jerusalem until an anointed one, a prince arrives, there will be a period of seven weeks and sixty-two weeks. It will again be built, with plaza and moat, but in distressful times. 26 Now after the sixty-two weeks, an anointed one will be cut off and have nothing. As for the city and the sanctuary, the people of the coming prince will destroy them. But his end will come speedily like a flood. Until the end of the war that has been decreed there will be destruction.
200–101 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Daniel

Jubilees 50:4

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
3 And the land also shall keep its sabbaths while they live on it, and they shall know the jubilee year. 4 Therefore I have ordained for you the year-weeks and the years and the jubilees: there are forty-nine jubilees from the days of Adam until today, and one week and two years [2410]: and there are yet forty years to come (lit. 'distant') for learning the commandments of the Lord, until they cross into the land of Canaan, crossing the Jordan to the west [2450]. 5 And the jubilees shall pass by, until Israel is cleansed from all guilt of sexual immorality, and impurity, and pollution, and sin, and error, and lives securely in all the land, and there shall be no more a Satan or any evil one, and the land shall be clean from that time forevermore.
170–125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jubilees

References

"... A somewhat different, and potentially more sophisticated, approach was adopted by other writers during Second Temple times, and that was to fix on the larger unit of time called the jubilee. After all, the jubilee was mentioned as a significant measure of time within the Torah itself so it must be important! This 49-year unit was not only composed of seven sub-units of seven years apiece (“weeks of years”), but it itself could be thought of as a sub-unit of still larger blocks of time. So it was that some writers of this period liked to think of history as moving forward in units of ten jubilees apiece - 490 years. (Also reflected in Daniel 9:24-27, where seven weeks of seventy years equals 490 years ...) But even that might be on the small side; perhaps the main events in Israel’s history were demarcated by even larger units. The point was that, if one considered these larger numerical patterns, the idea of divine control of Israel’s history could be upheld despite the little surface disturbances that might spring up for a century or two and then disappear ..."
James L. Kugel, A Walk through Jubilees: Studies in the Book of Jubilees and the World of Its Creation (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 9–10.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Daniel 9:24 and Jubilees 50:4

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