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Joshua

About this book
Chapter 23

1 A long time passed after the Lord made Israel secure from all their enemies, and Joshua was very old. 2 So Joshua summoned all Israel, including the elders, rulers, judges, and leaders, and told them: “I am very old. 3 You saw everything the Lord your God did to all these nations on your behalf, for the Lord your God fights for you. 4 See, I have parceled out to your tribes these remaining nations, from the Jordan to the Mediterranean Sea in the west, including all the nations I defeated. 5 The Lord your God will drive them out from before you and remove them, so you can occupy their land as the Lord your God promised you. 6 Be very strong! Carefully obey all that is written in the law scroll of Moses so you won’t swerve from it to the right or the left, 7 or associate with these nations that remain near you. You must not invoke or make solemn declarations by the names of their gods! You must not worship or bow down to them! 8 But you must be loyal to the Lord your God, as you have been to this very day. 9 “The Lord drove out from before you great and mighty nations; no one has been able to resist you to this very day. 10 One of you makes a thousand run away, for the Lord your God fights for you, as he promised you he would. 11 Watch yourselves carefully! Love the Lord your God! 12 But if you ever turn away and make alliances with these nations that remain near you, and intermarry with them and establish friendly relations with them,⁠ 13 know for certain that the Lord your God will no longer drive out these nations from before you. They will trap and ensnare you;⁠ they will be a whip that tears your sides and thorns that blind your eyes until you disappear from this good land the Lord your God gave you. 14 “Look, today I am about to die. You know with all your heart and being that not even one of all the faithful promises the Lord your God made to you is left unfulfilled; every one was realized—not one promise is unfulfilled! 15 But in the same way that every faithful promise the Lord your God made to you has been realized, it is just as certain that if you disobey, then the Lord will bring on you every judgment until he destroys you from this good land that the Lord your God gave you. 16 If you violate the covenantal laws of the Lord your God which he commanded you to keep, and you follow, worship, and bow down to other gods, then the Lord will be very angry with you and you will disappear quickly from the good land that he gave to you.”⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 34:12 and Joshua 23:13

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Exodus 34 warns that alliances with Canaan would become a trap, language echoed in Joshua 23 as the people are reminded that such alliances would trap them. Joshua uses this to depict itself in continuity with the Torah.

Passages

Exodus 34:12

Hebrew Bible
10 He said, “See, I am going to make a covenant before all your people. I will do wonders such as have not been done in all the earth, nor in any nation. All the people among whom you live will see the work of the Lord, for it is a fearful thing that I am doing with you. 11 “Obey what I am commanding you this day. I am going to drive out before you the Amorite, the Canaanite, the Hittite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite. 12 Be careful not to make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land where you are going, lest it become a snare among you. 13 Rather you must destroy their altars, smash their images, and cut down their Asherah poles. 14 For you must not worship any other god, for the Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Joshua 23:13

Hebrew Bible
11 Watch yourselves carefully! Love the Lord your God! 12 But if you ever turn away and make alliances with these nations that remain near you, and intermarry with them and establish friendly relations with them, 13 know for certain that the Lord your God will no longer drive out these nations from before you. They will trap and ensnare you; they will be a whip that tears your sides and thorns that blind your eyes until you disappear from this good land the Lord your God gave you. 14 “Look, today I am about to die. You know with all your heart and being that not even one of all the faithful promises the Lord your God made to you is left unfulfilled; every one was realized—not one promise is unfulfilled! 15 But in the same way that every faithful promise the Lord your God made to you has been realized, it is just as certain that if you disobey, then the Lord will bring on you every judgment until he destroys you from this good land that the Lord your God gave you.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Joshua

References

"... Whereas verse 2 introduces a divine quote in the messenger’s speech, verse 3 adds וגם אמרתי, which is indeed striking. However, the content of verse 3 alludes to מוקשׁ in Exodus 23:33 and the forbidden covenantal relations in Exodus 34:12; Deuteronomy 7:16 and finally Joshua 23:13. Without verse 3, the people’s reaction in verse 4 cannot be understood. The topic of the nations that were not expelled fits very well with the context. This is quite compelling within the text’s broader line of argumentation, even if verse 2 refers to Joshua 9, as Blum has convincingly argued. Thus, the second quotation may indeed be read as performative speech, which is perhaps the reason for the emphatic וגם (which is thus not an indication of a secondary insertion!) If anything, it is the angel’s first statement that may be suspicious. The idea that the covenant will never be broken by God goes far beyond the topic of forbidden mixing in verses 2–3 and the connection to Joshua 9. In light of such a promise by God, there is no need for crying (verses 4-5) ..."
Christian Frevel, “On Untying Tangles and Tying Knots in Joshua 23–Judges 3:6: A Response to Erhard Blum, Reinhard G. Kratz and Sarah Schulz,” in Book-Seams in the Hexateuch I: The Literary Transitions between the Books of Genesis/Exodus and Joshua/Judges, ed. Christoph Berner and Harald Samuel (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2018), 281–294.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 34:12 and Joshua 23:13

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