1 About this time, upon the death of Onias the High Priest, they gave the High Priesthood to Jesus his brother: for that son which Onias left was still only an infant. And in its proper place we will inform the reader of all the circumstances that happened to this child. But this Jesus, who was the brother of Onias, was deprived of the High Priesthood by the King, who was angry with him, and gave it to his younger brother; whose name also was Onias. For Simon had these three sons; to each of which the High Priesthood came: as we have already informed the reader. This Jesus changed his name to Jason;⁠a but Onias was called Menelaus. Now as the former High Priest, Jesus, raised a sedition against Menelaus, who was ordained after him, the multitude were divided between them both. And the sons of Tobias supported Menelaus: but most of the people assisted Jason; and by that means Menelaus, and the sons of Tobias were distressed, and retired to Antiochus, and informed him, that they wanted to leave the laws of their country, and the Jewish way of living according to them; and to follow the King’s laws, and the Grecian way of living. Therefore they desired his permission to build them a Gymnasium at Jerusalem. And when he had given them permission, they also hid the circumcision of their genitals; that even when they were naked they might appear to be Greeks. Accordingly they abandoned all the customs that belonged to their own country, and imitated the practices of the other nations. 2 Now Antiochus, upon the agreeable situation of the affairs of his Kingdom, resolved to make an expedition against Egypt: both because he had a desire to gain it; and because he scorned the son of Ptolemy, as now weak, and not yet able to manage affairs of such consequence. So he came with great forces to Pelusium, and circumvented Ptolemy Philometor by treachery; and seized upon Egypt. He then came to the places about Memphis; and when he had taken them, he hurried to Alexandria; in hopes of taking it by siege, and of subduing Ptolemy, who reigned there. But he was driven not only from Alexandria, but out of all Egypt, by the declaration of the Romans; who ordered him to let that country alone: as I have already stated elsewhere.15 I will now give a particular account of what concerns this King, how he subdued Judea and the temple. For in my former work I mentioned those things very briefly; and have therefore now thought it necessary to go over that history again, and that with great accuracy. 3 King Antiochus returning out of Egypt, for fear of the Romans, made an expedition against the city of Jerusalem: and when he was there, in the hundred forty and third year of the Kingdom of the Seleucidæ, he took the city without fighting:16 those of his own party opening the gates to him. And when he had gained possession of Jerusalem, he killed many of the opposing party; and when he had plundered it of a great deal of money, he returned to Antioch. 4 Now it happened, after two years, in the hundred forty and fifth year, on the twenty fifth day of that month which we call Chasleu, and by the Macedonians Apelleus; in the hundred and fifty third olympiad,17 that the King came up to Jerusalem: and, pretending peace, he got possession of the city by treachery. At which time he did not spare even those that admitted him into it, on account of the riches that lay in the temple. But, led by his covetous inclination, (for he saw that it contained a great deal of gold, and many ornaments that had been dedicated to it of very great value;) and in order to plunder its wealth, he ventured to break the league he had made. So he left the temple bare; and took away the golden candlesticks, and the golden altar of incense, and table of showbread, and the altar of burnt offering:18 and did not abstain from even the veils, which were made of fine linen and scarlet. He also emptied it of its secret treasures: and left nothing at all remaining: and by this means cast the Jews into great lamentation. For he forbade them to offer those daily sacrifices which they used to offer to God, according to the law. And when he had pillaged the whole city, some of the inhabitants he killed, and some he carried captive, together with their wives and children: so that the number of those captives that were taken alive amounted to about ten thousand. He also burnt down the finest buildings: and when he had overthrown the city walls, he built a citadel in the lower part of the city; for the place was high, and overlooked the temple. On which account he fortified it with high walls, and towers; and put into it a garrison of Macedonians. However, in that citadel lived the impious and wicked part of the multitude: from whom it proved that the citizens suffered many and severe calamities. And when the King had built an idol altar19 upon God’s altar20 he killed swine upon it, and so offered a sacrifice neither according to the law, nor the Jewish religious worship in that country. He also compelled them to forsake the worship which they paid their own God, and to adore those whom he took to be Gods; and made them build temples, and raise idol altars in every city and village; and offer swine upon them every day. He also commanded them not to circumcise their sons: and threatened to punish any that should be found to have transgressed his injunction. He also appointed overseers, who should compel them to do what he commanded. And indeed there were many Jews who complied with the King’s commands; either voluntarily, or out of fear of the penalty that was denounced. But the best men, and those of the noblest souls did not regard him; but did pay a greater respect to the customs of their country, than concern, as to the punishment which he threatened to the disobedient. On which account every day they underwent great miseries, and bitter torments. For they were whipped with rods; and their bodies were torn to pieces, and were crucified, while they were still alive, and breathed. They also strangled those women and their sons whom they had circumcised, as the King had appointed: hanging their sons about their necks as they were upon the crosses. And if there were any sacred book, or the law found, it was destroyed: and those with whom they were found miserably perished also. 5 When the Samaritans saw the Jews under these sufferings, they no longer confessed that they were of their kindred: nor that the temple on mount Gerizzim belonged to almighty God. This was according to their nature: as we have already shown. And they now said, that they were a colony of Medes and Persians. And indeed they were a colony of theirs. So they sent ambassadors to Antiochus, and a letter; whose contents are these. “To King Antiochus, the god, Epiphanes: a memorial from the Sidonians, who live at Shechem. Our ancestors, upon certain frequent plagues,21 and as following a certain ancient superstition, had a custom of observing that day which by the Jews is called the sabbath. And when they had erected a temple at the mountain called Gerizzim, though without a name, they offered upon it the proper sacrifices. Now upon the just treatment of these wicked Jews; those that manage your affairs, supposing that we were related to them, and practised as they do, make us liable to the same accusations: although we are originally Sidonians: as is evident from the public records. We therefore beg you, our benefactor and saviour, to instruct Apollonius, the governor of this part of the country, and to Nicanor, the procurator of your affairs, to not to disturb us, nor to charge us with what the Jews are accused for; since we are aliens from their nation, and from their customs: but let our temple, which at present has no name at all, be named The temple of Jupiter Hellenius. If this were once done, we should be no longer disturbed; but should be more intent on our own occupation with quietness; and so bring in a greater revenue to you.” When the Samaritans had petitioned for this, the King sent them back the following answer, in a letter: “King Antiochus, to Nicanor. The Sidonians, who live at Shechem, have sent me the memorial enclosed. When therefore we were advising with our friends about it, the messengers sent by them represented to us, that they are in no way concerned with accusations which belong to the Jews: but choose to live after the customs of the Greeks. Accordingly we declare them free from such accusations: and order that, agreeably to their petition, their temple be named The temple of Jupiter Hellenius.” He also sent a similar letter to Apollonius, the governor of that part of the country. In the forty sixth year, and the eighteenth day of the month Hecatombeon.