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Jonathan Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 66

1 Thus says the LORD, “The heavens are the throne of my glory, and the earth is a footstool before me; where is the house that you would build for me? And where is the place of the dwelling of my Shekinah? 2 For all these things my power has made, and have not all these things come to be? says the LORD; but it will be my delight to consider the man who is of a humble and contrite spirit, and trembles on account of my word.” 3 He who kills an ox is as if he slew a man; he who sacrifices a lamb, as if he broke a dog’s neck; he who presents an offering, as if he offered swine’s blood; the offering of their gifts is the gift of violence. Yes, they delight in their ways, and their soul finds pleasure in their abominations. 4 I also will desire their destruction, and they will not be delivered from what they dread; because when I sent my prophets, they did not repent; they prophesied, but they did not obey; but they did evil before me, and they delighted in what I did not desire. 5 Hear the word of the LORD, O you righteous who tremble on account of the words of His will; your brothers who hate you, who cast you out for my name’s sake, say, “Let the glory of the LORD be magnified, that we may see your joy”; but they will be put to shame. 6 A voice of tumult from the city of Jerusalem, a voice from the temple, a voice of the Memra of the LORD, who renders recompense to His enemies. 7 Before distress comes upon her, she will be redeemed; and before trembling comes upon her, like the pains of a woman in childbirth, her King will be revealed. 8 Who has heard such a thing? Who has seen such things? Is it possible that a country be made in one day, and a nation be created at once? But Zion will be comforted and will be filled with the people of the captivity of her captivity. 9 I am God; I created the world from the beginning, says the LORD; I, even I, created all men; I, even I, scattered them among the nations; I will also gather your captivity, says your God. 10 Rejoice on account of Jerusalem, and be glad on account of her, all you who love her; rejoice greatly with her, all you who mourn for her; 11 so that you may delight yourselves and be satisfied with the food of her consolations, so that you may drink and overflow with the wine of her glory. 12 For thus says the LORD, “I am bringing to her peace like the floods of the river Euphrates, and the glory of the nations like an overwhelming stream, and you will delight yourselves; you will be borne upon the sides, and you will be nursed upon the knees. 13 As a man whom his mother comforts, so my Memra will comfort you; and you will be comforted in Jerusalem.” 14 And when you see this, your heart will rejoice, and your bodies will flourish like grass; and the power of the LORD will be revealed to do good to His righteous servants, but a curse will come upon His enemies. 15 For the LORD will be revealed with fire, and His chariots like a whirlwind, to render His anger with fury and His rebuke with flames of fire. 16 For by fire and by His sword the LORD will judge all flesh, and the slain will be many before the LORD. 17 Those who prepare and purify themselves in the gardens of idols, multitude after multitude, eating swine’s flesh and the abomination and the mouse, will be consumed together, says the LORD. 18 Their works and their thoughts are revealed before me; I will gather all peoples, nations, and tongues, and they will come and see my glory. 19 And I will set a sign among them, and I will send those who escape of them among the nations, to the province of the sea, Pul and Lud who draw the bow and strike with it, to the province of Tubal, and Javan, the isles that are far off, that have not heard the fame of my might, neither have seen my glory; but they will declare my glory among the nations. 20 And they will bring all your brothers out of all nations as an offering before the LORD, upon horses and in chariots and litters and upon mules, yes, with songs to my holy mountain in Jerusalem, says the LORD, as the children of Israel bring an offering in a clean vessel into the house of the sanctuary of the LORD. 21 And I will also take of them to be priests and Levites, says the LORD. 22 For as the new heavens and the new earth that I will make will remain before me, says the LORD, so will your seed and your name be made to remain. 23 And it will come to pass, at the time of the beginning of each month, and at the time of each Sabbath, that all flesh will come to worship before me, says the LORD. 24 And they will go forth and look upon the carcasses of the men, the sinners, who have rebelled against my Memra; for their souls will not die, and their fire will not be quenched; and the wicked will be judged in hell, until the righteous say concerning them, “We have seen enough.”⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 66:24 and Jonathan Isaiah 66:24

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Isaiah 66 describes the aftermath of a battle, with unburied corpses and fire. The Aramaic translation in Targum Jonathan interprets it as final judgment in Gehenna, adding that the unrighteous are punished until the righteous say they have seen enough.

Passages

Isaiah 66:24

Hebrew Bible
22 “For just as the new heavens and the new earth I am about to make will remain standing before me,” says the Lord, “so your descendants and your name will remain. 23 From one month to the next and from one Sabbath to the next, all people will come to worship me,” says the Lord. 24 “They will go out and observe the corpses of those who rebelled against me, for the maggots that eat them will not die, and the fire that consumes them will not die out. All people will find the sight abhorrent.”
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Jonathan Isaiah 66:24

Targum
22 For as the new heavens and the new earth that I will make will remain before me, says the LORD, so will your seed and your name be made to remain. 23 And it will come to pass, at the time of the beginning of each month, and at the time of each Sabbath, that all flesh will come to worship before me, says the LORD. 24 And they will go forth and look upon the carcasses of the men, the sinners, who have rebelled against my Memra; for their souls will not die, and their fire will not be quenched; and the wicked will be judged in hell, until the righteous say concerning them, “We have seen enough.”
200–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonathan Isaiah

References

"... The final verse of the Book of Isaiah in the Targum identifies who will suffer - and specifies where they will suffer - at the end of time, when it says “the wicked shall be judged in Gehenna until the righteous will say concerning them, We have seen enough” (66:24). “Gehenna” is just what Jesus associates with the statement that “their worm will not die and their fire will not be quenched” (Mark 9:48, and see verses 44, 46 in many manuscripts), which is taken from the same verse of Isaiah. In the Targum, the first part of the phrase reads, “their breaths will not die.” The term “Gehenna” refers in a literal sense to the Valley of Hinnom in the Kidron Valley, just across from the Temple in Jerusalem. But because that had been a place where idolatrous human sacrifice by fire had taken place (see 2 Kings 16:3; 21:6), the site was deliberately destroyed and desecrated by King Josiah as part of his cultic reform during the seventh century BCE (see 2 Kings 23:10). As a result, Gehenna came to be known as the place of the definitive punishment of the wicked ..."
Bruce Chilton, “Targum, Jesus, and the Gospels,” in The Historical Jesus in Context, ed. Amy-Jill Levine, Dale C. Allison Jr., and John Dominic Crossan, Princeton Readings in Religions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 238–255.

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Isaiah 66:24 and Jonathan Isaiah 66:24

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