Go to Related Reading
About this book

Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 66

1 This is what the Lord says: “The heavens are my throne and the earth is my footstool.⁠ Where then is the house you will build for me? Where is the place where I will rest? 2 My hand made them; that is how they came to be,” says the Lord. “I show special favor to the humble and contrite, who respect what I have to say.⁠ 3 The one who slaughters a bull also strikes down a man; the one who sacrifices a lamb also breaks a dog’s neck; the one who presents an offering includes pig’s blood with it; the one who offers incense also praises an idol. They have decided to behave this way; they enjoy these disgusting practices. 4 So I will choose severe punishment for them; I will bring on them what they dread because I called, and no one responded. I spoke and they did not listen. They did evil before me; they chose to do what displeases me.” 5 Listen to the Lord’s message, you who respect his word! “Your countrymen, who hate you and exclude you, supposedly for the sake of my name, say, ‘May the Lord be glorified, then we will witness your joy.’ But they will be put to shame.⁠ 6 The sound of battle comes from the city; the sound comes from the temple! It is the sound of the Lord paying back his enemies.⁠ 7 Before she goes into labor, she gives birth! Before her contractions begin, she delivers a boy! 8 Who has ever heard of such a thing? Who has ever seen this? Can a country be brought forth in one day? Can a nation be born in a single moment? Yet as soon as Zion goes into labor she gives birth to sons! 9 Do I bring a baby to the birth opening and then not deliver it?” asks the Lord. “Or do I bring a baby to the point of delivery and then hold it back?” asks your God.⁠ 10 “Be happy for Jerusalem and rejoice with her, all you who love her! Share in her great joy, all you who have mourned over her! 11 For you will nurse from her satisfying breasts and be nourished; you will feed with joy from her milk-filled breasts.” 12 For this is what the Lord says: “Look, I am ready to extend to her prosperity that will flow like a river, the riches of nations will flow into her like a stream that floods its banks. You will nurse from her breast and be carried at her side; you will play on her knees. 13 As a mother consoles a child, so I will console you, and you will be consoled over Jerusalem.”⁠ 14 When you see this, you will be happy, and your bones will sprout like grass25.⁠ The Lord will reveal his power to his servants and his anger to his enemies.⁠ 15 For look, the Lord comes with fire; his chariots come like a windstorm to reveal his raging anger, his battle cry, and his flaming arrows.⁠ 16 For the Lord judges all humanity with fire and his sword; the Lord will kill many. 17 “As for those who consecrate and ritually purify themselves so they can follow their leader and worship in the sacred orchards, those who eat the flesh of pigs and other disgusting creatures, like mice—they will all be destroyed together,” says the Lord. 18 “I hate their deeds and thoughts! So I am coming to gather all the nations and ethnic groups; they will come and witness my splendor. 19 I will perform a mighty act among them and then send some of those who remain to the nations—to Tarshish, Pul, Lud (known for its archers), Tubal, Javan, and to the distant coastlands that have not heard about me or seen my splendor. They will tell the nations of my splendor. 20 They will bring back all your countrymen from all the nations as an offering to the Lord. They will bring them on horses, in chariots,⁠ in wagons, on mules, and on camels to my holy hill Jerusalem,” says the Lord, “just as the Israelites bring offerings to the Lord’s temple in ritually pure containers. 21 And I will choose some of them as priests and Levites,” says the Lord. 22 “For just as the new heavens and the new earth I am about to make will remain standing before me,” says the Lord, “so your descendants and your name will remain. 23 From one month to the next and from one Sabbath to the next, all people will come to worship me,” says the Lord.⁠ 24 “They will go out and observe the corpses of those who rebelled against me,⁠ for the maggots that eat them will not die, and the fire that consumes them will not die out.⁠ All people will find the sight abhorrent.”⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 66:24 and Jonathan Isaiah 66:24

Hebrew Bible · Targum

Share:

Summary

Isaiah 66 describes the aftermath of a battle, with unburied corpses and fire. The Aramaic translation in Targum Jonathan interprets it as final judgment in Gehenna, adding that the unrighteous are punished until the righteous say they have seen enough.

Passages

Isaiah 66:24

Hebrew Bible
22 “For just as the new heavens and the new earth I am about to make will remain standing before me,” says the Lord, “so your descendants and your name will remain. 23 From one month to the next and from one Sabbath to the next, all people will come to worship me,” says the Lord. 24 “They will go out and observe the corpses of those who rebelled against me, for the maggots that eat them will not die, and the fire that consumes them will not die out. All people will find the sight abhorrent.”
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Jonathan Isaiah 66:24

Targum
22 For as the new heavens and the new earth that I will make will remain before me, says the LORD, so will your seed and your name be made to remain. 23 And it will come to pass, at the time of the beginning of each month, and at the time of each Sabbath, that all flesh will come to worship before me, says the LORD. 24 And they will go forth and look upon the carcasses of the men, the sinners, who have rebelled against my Memra; for their souls will not die, and their fire will not be quenched; and the wicked will be judged in hell, until the righteous say concerning them, “We have seen enough.”
200–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonathan Isaiah

References

"... The final verse of the Book of Isaiah in the Targum identifies who will suffer - and specifies where they will suffer - at the end of time, when it says “the wicked shall be judged in Gehenna until the righteous will say concerning them, We have seen enough” (66:24). “Gehenna” is just what Jesus associates with the statement that “their worm will not die and their fire will not be quenched” (Mark 9:48, and see verses 44, 46 in many manuscripts), which is taken from the same verse of Isaiah. In the Targum, the first part of the phrase reads, “their breaths will not die.” The term “Gehenna” refers in a literal sense to the Valley of Hinnom in the Kidron Valley, just across from the Temple in Jerusalem. But because that had been a place where idolatrous human sacrifice by fire had taken place (see 2 Kings 16:3; 21:6), the site was deliberately destroyed and desecrated by King Josiah as part of his cultic reform during the seventh century BCE (see 2 Kings 23:10). As a result, Gehenna came to be known as the place of the definitive punishment of the wicked ..."
Bruce Chilton, “Targum, Jesus, and the Gospels,” in The Historical Jesus in Context, ed. Amy-Jill Levine, Dale C. Allison Jr., and John Dominic Crossan, Princeton Readings in Religions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 238–255.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Your feedback

Isaiah 66:24 and Jonathan Isaiah 66:24

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library