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Jonathan Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 65

1 I was sought concerning my Memra by those who did not ask after me; I was inquired of for instruction in my Torah by those who did not seek my fear; I will say, “Behold, I am inquired after continually, all the day, by a people that has not prayed in my name.” 2 I have sent my prophets every day to a rebellious people that walks in a way which was not good, after their own thoughts; 3 a people that provokes my Memra to anger continually to my face, that sacrifices in gardens to idols, and offers aromatic spices upon bricks; 4 who dwell in houses built of the dust of graves, and lodge with the dead bodies of the sons of men, who eat swine’s flesh, and broth of abominable things is in their vessels; 5 who say, “Stand by yourself, do not come near to me, for I am purer than you.” These provocations of theirs are like smoke before me; their recompense will be in hell, where the fire burns all the day. 6 Behold, it is written before me: I will not give them prolongation in this life, but I will recompense to them the wages for their sins, and deliver their bodies to the second death.⁠ 7 Your sins and the sins of your fathers together are revealed before me, says the LORD, who have offered incense upon the mountains and blasphemed me upon the hills; therefore I will repay their former works into their bosom. 8 Thus says the LORD, “As Noah was found righteous in the generation of the flood, and I said that I would not destroy him, in order that I might raise up the world through him; so I will do for the sake of my righteous servants, in order that I may not destroy them all. 9 And I will bring forth a seed out of Jacob, and out of Judah an inheritor of my mountains; and my elect will inherit it, and my righteous servants will dwell there. 10 And Sharon will be a fold of flocks, and the valley of Achor a place for the herds of oxen to lie down, for my people who have sought my fear. 11 But you, O house of Israel, you have forsaken the worship of the LORD, you have forgotten the worship of my holy mountain, you who prepare tables for the idols and mix goblets for their gods. 12 Therefore I will deliver them to the sword, yes, all of you will be delivered to the slaughter; because I sent my prophets, and you did not repent; they prophesied, and you did not receive them, but did evil before me, and delighted yourselves in what I did not desire.” 13 Therefore thus says the Lord GOD, “My righteous servants will eat, but you, O wicked, will be hungry; my righteous servants will drink, but you, O wicked, will be thirsty; my righteous servants will rejoice, but you, O wicked, will be ashamed; 14 my righteous servants will sing for joy of heart, but you will cry out for sorrow of heart, and you will wail for vexation of spirit. 15 And you will leave your name for a curse to my chosen;⁠ for the Lord GOD will slay you with the second death, and call His righteous servants by another name,⁠ 16 so that he who blesses in the earth will bless by the God of the covenant, and he who swears in the earth will swear by the God of the covenant; because the former troubles will be forgotten, and because they will be hidden from before me. 17 For I am about to create new heavens and a new earth, and the former will not be remembered, nor will they come into mind. 18 But be glad and rejoice in the world of worlds that I create; for I am creating Jerusalem a rejoicing, and her people a joy. 19 And I will rejoice in Jerusalem, and my people will be glad in her; and the voice of weeping will no longer be heard in her, nor the voice of those who cry. 20 No more will there be from there an infant who lives only a few days, or an old man who does not complete his days; for even the child who sins will die a hundred years old, but the sinner who is a hundred years old will be thrust out. 21 And they will build houses and inhabit them, and they will plant vineyards and eat their fruit. 22 They will not build, and others inhabit; they will not plant, and others eat; for as the days of the tree of life are the days of my people, and my elect will outlast the work of their hands. 23 They will not labor in vain, neither will they rear up children for death; for they will be the seed that the LORD has blessed, and the children of their children with them. 24 And before they pray before me, I will hear their prayer; and before they make supplication before me, I will grant their request. 25 The wolf and the lamb will feed together, and the lion will eat straw like the ox; and as for the serpent, dust will be its food. They will not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain,” says the LORD.

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 65:15 and Revelation 2:11 and Jonathan Isaiah 65:15

Hebrew Bible · New Testament · Targum

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Summary

Revelation refers to the “second death” to describe final judgment, language found only in Revelation and the Targums, such as the Aramaic translation of Isaiah. Revelation likely follows an Aramaic tradition later added to the Targums.

Passages

Isaiah 65:15

Hebrew Bible
13 So this is what the Sovereign Lord says: “Look, my servants will eat, but you will be hungry. Look, my servants will drink, but you will be thirsty. Look, my servants will rejoice, but you will be humiliated. 14 Look, my servants will shout for joy as happiness fills their hearts. But you will cry out as sorrow fills your hearts; you will wail because your spirits will be crushed. 15 Your names will live on in the curse formulas of my chosen ones. The Sovereign Lord will kill you, but he will give his servants another name. 16 Whoever pronounces a blessing in the earth will do so in the name of the faithful God; whoever makes an oath in the earth will do so in the name of the faithful God. For past problems will be forgotten; I will no longer think about them. 17 For look, I am ready to create new heavens and a new earth! The former ones will not be remembered; no one will think about them anymore.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Revelation 2:11

New Testament
10 Do not be afraid of the things you are about to suffer. The devil is about to have some of you thrown into prison so you may be tested, and you will experience suffering for ten days. Remain faithful even to the point of death, and I will give you the crown that is life itself. 11 The one who has an ear had better hear what the Spirit says to the churches. The one who conquers will in no way be harmed by the second death.’ 12 “To the angel of the church in Pergamum write the following: “This is the solemn pronouncement of the one who has the sharp double-edged sword:
92–96 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Revelation

Jonathan Isaiah 65:15

Targum
13 Therefore thus says the Lord GOD, “My righteous servants will eat, but you, O wicked, will be hungry; my righteous servants will drink, but you, O wicked, will be thirsty; my righteous servants will rejoice, but you, O wicked, will be ashamed; 14 my righteous servants will sing for joy of heart, but you will cry out for sorrow of heart, and you will wail for vexation of spirit. 15 And you will leave your name for a curse to my chosen; for the Lord GOD will slay you with the second death, and call His righteous servants by another name, 16 so that he who blesses in the earth will bless by the God of the covenant, and he who swears in the earth will swear by the God of the covenant; because the former troubles will be forgotten, and because they will be hidden from before me. 17 For I am about to create new heavens and a new earth, and the former will not be remembered, nor will they come into mind.
200–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonathan Isaiah

References

"... This 'second death' is spoken of also in the Apocalypse (Revelation 2:11; 20:6), but is found nowhere in Jewish literature outside the targums. Furthermore, there are positive indications that in at least one passage where he uses the term (20:14), John has passed from the biblical text to the targumic rendering of Isaiah 65:15,17-19. This phrase 'second death' is used four times in the Apocalypse, but is found nowhere in Jewish literature outside the targums. An expression used four times (Revelation 2:11; 20:6, 14; 21:8) must have been current coinage when the Apocalypse was being composed, in certain circles at least. Since we find the designation used in contexts speaking of such Jewish and Christian themes as the resurrection, general judgment and eternal punishment, it is evident that its origins are not to be sought in Hellenistic religion. The expression must have come from Judaism, unless it was coined by Christianity ..."
Martin McNamara, Targum and Testament Revisited: Aramaic Paraphrases of the Hebrew Bible: A Light on the New Testament, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2010), 223.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 65:15 and Revelation 2:11 and Jonathan Isaiah 65:15

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