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Jonathan Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 40

1 O you prophets, prophesy comfort to my people, says your God. 2 Speak tenderly to Jerusalem and prophesy concerning her, that she will be filled with the people of the captivity, because her sins are forgiven, for she has received the cup of consolations from the LORD as if she had been struck twice for all her sins. 3 A voice of one crying in the wilderness, “Prepare the way before the people of the LORD; cast up a highway in the plain before the congregation of our God. 4 All the valleys will be raised up, and every mountain and hill will be made low; the rugged ground will become level, and the rough places a valley. 5 And the glory of the LORD will be revealed, and all the sons of flesh will see together, that by the Memra of the LORD it has been so decreed.” 6 The voice of one crying, “Prophesy!” He answered and said, “What will I prophesy? All the wicked are like grass,⁠ and all their strength like the chaff of the field. 7 The grass withers, its flower fades, because the spirit of the LORD blows upon it; surely the wicked among a people are considered like grass. 8 The wicked die, and their thoughts perish; but the word of our God will stand forever.” 9 Get up on a high mountain, O you prophets who bring good tidings to Zion; lift up your voice with strength, you who bring good tidings to Jerusalem; lift it up, do not be afraid; say to the cities of the house of Judah, “The kingdom of your God is revealed.”⁠ 10 The Lord GOD will be revealed, and the strength of the arm of His might will rule before Him; the reward of those who perform His word is with Him, because their works are manifest to Him. 11 He will feed those of His flock like a shepherd; He will gather the lambs with His arm and carry the tender ones in His bosom; He will gently lead those that give suck. 12 He who has promised these things will confirm them; He has spoken it, and He will do it; He in whose sight all the waters of the world are counted as a drop in the hollow of the hand, and the expanse of the heavens as if prepared with the span, and the dust of the earth as if measured in a measure, and the mountains as if weighed in scales, and the hills in a balance. 13 Who has directed the Holy Spirit in the mouth of all the prophets? Is it not the LORD? He makes known the words of His will to the righteous, the servants of His Memra. 14 I will make known wisdom to those who pray for it from Him, and I will teach them the way of justice; He will give the Torah to their sons, and He will make known to their sons’ sons the path of understanding. 15 The nations are like a drop from a bucket and are counted as the small dust of the balance; the isles are like fine dust that flies away. 16 And the trees of Lebanon are not enough for fire, nor the beasts in it enough for a burnt offering. 17 All nations are like nothing; their works are accounted before Him as nothing. 18 And whom do you think able to contend with God? And what likeness can you compare with Him? 19 The craftsman makes an image, and the goldsmith overlays it with gold, and the silversmith fastens it with silver chains. 20 He cuts a wild ash from the forest, which rot will seize; he seeks out a skilled craftsman to set up the image, so that it will not be moved. 21 Have you not known? Have you not heard? Has not the work of creation been declared to you in its order from the beginning? Have you not understood that you ought to fear Him who created the foundations of the earth? 22 He makes the Shekinah of His glory dwell in exalted strength, and all the inhabitants of the earth are in His sight like locusts; He stretched out the heavens like a small thing and spread them out like the tent of the glory of the house of the Shekinah. 23 He gives princes over to weakness; the judges of the earth He brings to nothing. 24 Although they multiply, although they increase, although their children become great in the earth, yet He will send His wrath among them, and they will be put to shame, and His Memra will scatter them like the whirlwind the chaff. 25 To whom, then, will you liken me? And to whom will you equal me? says the Holy One. 26 Lift up your eyes on high and see, that you may fear Him who created these things, who brings forth the host of the heavens by number; He calls them all by their name; because of the combination of forces and the might of His power, not one is missing from its orbit. 27 Why do you say, O Jacob, and speak, O Israel, “My way is hidden from the LORD, and my cause is removed from my God”? 28 Have you not known? Have you not heard that the everlasting God, the LORD who created the foundations of the earth, does not grow faint or weary? There is no end to His wisdom. 29 He gives wisdom to the righteous who long for the words of the Torah, and to those who have no strength He multiplies strength. 30 And the wicked youths will grow faint and weary, and the impious young men will utterly fall. 31 But those who hope for the salvation of the LORD will be gathered together from the midst of their captivity, and will increase their strength, and their youth will be renewed like the sprout that springs up; they will hasten on the wings of eagles and not be weary; they will walk and not faint.

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 40:6 and Jonathan Isaiah 40:6

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In Isaiah 40, a voice cries that all people are grass which withers while the word of God lasts forever. The Aramaic Targum narrows that image to the wicked, so a picture of human frailty becomes a picture of who will perish.

Passages

Isaiah 40:6

Hebrew Bible
6 A voice says, “Cry out!” Another asks, “What should I cry out?” The first voice responds: “All people are like grass, and all their promises are like the flowers in the field. 7 The grass dries up, the flowers wither, when the wind sent by the Lord blows on them. Surely humanity is like grass. 8 The grass dries up, the flowers wither, but the decree of our God is forever reliable.”
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Jonathan Isaiah 40:6

Targum
6 The voice of one crying, “Prophesy!” He answered and said, “What will I prophesy? All the wicked are like grass, and all their strength like the chaff of the field. 7 The grass withers, its flower fades, because the spirit of the LORD blows upon it; surely the wicked among a people are considered like grass. 8 The wicked die, and their thoughts perish; but the word of our God will stand forever.”
200–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonathan Isaiah

References

“... We find the same shift from the general to the more specific in the two occurences of "all flesh" in Isaiah 40. In v. 5, in a salvation context where the glory of the LORD is to be revealed to "all flesh," the Targum renders to "the sons of all flesh." In vv. 6b-8, however, there is a decided shift to the more specific, this time to identify "all flesh" with the wicked. Thus the prophetic cry, in the Aramaic, becomes: All the wicked are as grass, and all their strength as the flower of the field. The grass withereth, its flower fadeth; for the wind from before the LORD hath blown upon it; therefore the wicked among the people are counted as grass. The wicked dieth, his thoughts (or, plans) perish; but the word of our God abideth for ever. All the varied imagery of the passage has been given a consistent reinterpretation: "all flesh" in v. 6 becomes "all the wicked"; "the people" of v. 7 become "the wicked among the people"; the "grass" and the "flower" of v. 8 becomes "the wicked" and "his thoughts" (or "plans"). ...”
Robert Davidson, “The Imagery of Isaiah 40:6-8 in Tradition and Interpretation,” in "The Imagery of Isaiah 40:6-8 in Tradition and Interpretation" in Evans, Craig A., and Shemaryahu Talmon (eds.) The Quest for Context and Meaning: Studies in Biblical Intertextuality in Honor of James A. Sanders, ed. Craig A. Evans and Shemaryahu Talmon (Leiden: Brill, 1997), 44.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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