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Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 40

1 “Comfort, comfort my people,” says your God. 2 “Speak kindly to Jerusalem and tell her that her time of warfare is over, that her punishment is completed. For the Lord has made her pay double for all her sins.” 3 A voice cries out, “In the wilderness clear a way for the Lord;⁠ build a level road through the rift valley for our God.⁠ 4 Every valley must be elevated and every mountain and hill leveled. The rough terrain will become a level plain, the rugged landscape a wide valley.⁠ 5 The splendor of the Lord will be revealed, and all people will see it at the same time.⁠ For the Lord has decreed it.” 6 A voice says, “Cry out!” Another asks, “What should I cry out?” The first voice responds: “All people are like grass,⁠ and all their promises are like the flowers in the field.⁠ 7 The grass dries up, the flowers wither, when the wind sent by the Lord blows on them. Surely humanity is like grass. 8 The grass dries up, the flowers wither, but the decree of our God is forever reliable.” 9 Go up on a high mountain, O herald Zion. Shout out loudly, O herald Jerusalem! Shout, don’t be afraid! Say to the towns of Judah, “Here is your God!”⁠ 10 Look, the Sovereign Lord comes as a victorious warrior; his military power establishes his rule. Look, his reward is with him; his prize goes before him. 11 Like a shepherd he tends his flock;⁠ he gathers up the lambs with his arm; he carries them close to his heart; he leads the ewes along.⁠ 12 Who has measured out the waters in the hollow of his hand, or carefully measured the sky, or carefully weighed the soil of the earth, or weighed the mountains in a balance, or the hills on scales? 13 Who comprehends the mind of the Lord, or gives him instruction as his counselor? 14 From whom does he receive directions? Who teaches him the correct way to do things, or imparts knowledge to him, or instructs him in skillful design? 15 Look, the nations are like a drop in a bucket; they are regarded as dust on the scales. He lifts the coastlands as if they were dust. 16 Not even Lebanon could supply enough firewood for a sacrifice; its wild animals would not provide enough burnt offerings. 17 All the nations are insignificant before him; they are regarded as absolutely nothing.⁠ 18 To whom can you compare God? To what image can you liken him?⁠ 19 A craftsman casts an idol; a metal smith overlays it with gold and forges silver chains for it. 20 To make a contribution one selects wood that will not rot; he then seeks a skilled craftsman to make an idol that will not fall over.⁠ 21 Do you not know? Do you not hear? Has it not been told to you since the very beginning? Have you not understood from the time the earth’s foundations were made?⁠ 22 He is the one who sits on the earth’s horizon;⁠ its inhabitants are like grasshoppers before him. He is the one who stretches out the sky like a thin curtain, and spreads it out like a pitched tent.⁠ 23 He is the one who reduces rulers to nothing; he makes the earth’s leaders insignificant. 24 Indeed, they are barely planted; yes, they are barely sown; yes, they barely take root in the earth, and then he blows on them, causing them to dry up, and the wind carries them away like straw. 25 “To whom can you compare me? Whom do I resemble?” says the Holy One. 26 Look up at the sky! Who created all these heavenly lights? He is the one who leads out their ranks; he calls them all by name.⁠ Because of his absolute power and awesome strength, not one of them is missing. 27 Why do you say, Jacob, Why do you say, Israel,⁠ “The Lord is not aware of what is happening to me; my God is not concerned with my vindication”? 28 Do you not know? Have you not heard? The Lord is an eternal God, the Creator of the whole earth. He does not get tired or weary; there is no limit to his wisdom.⁠ 29 He gives strength to those who are tired; to the ones who lack power, he gives renewed energy. 30 Even youths get tired and weary; even strong young men clumsily stumble. 31 But those who wait for the Lord’s help find renewed strength; they rise up as if they had eagles’ wings, they run without growing weary, they walk without getting tired.

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 40:6 and Jonathan Isaiah 40:6

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In Isaiah 40, a voice cries that all people are grass which withers while the word of God lasts forever. The Aramaic Targum narrows that image to the wicked, so a picture of human frailty becomes a picture of who will perish.

Passages

Isaiah 40:6

Hebrew Bible
6 A voice says, “Cry out!” Another asks, “What should I cry out?” The first voice responds: “All people are like grass, and all their promises are like the flowers in the field. 7 The grass dries up, the flowers wither, when the wind sent by the Lord blows on them. Surely humanity is like grass. 8 The grass dries up, the flowers wither, but the decree of our God is forever reliable.”
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Jonathan Isaiah 40:6

Targum
6 The voice of one crying, “Prophesy!” He answered and said, “What will I prophesy? All the wicked are like grass, and all their strength like the chaff of the field. 7 The grass withers, its flower fades, because the spirit of the LORD blows upon it; surely the wicked among a people are considered like grass. 8 The wicked die, and their thoughts perish; but the word of our God will stand forever.”
200–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonathan Isaiah

References

“... We find the same shift from the general to the more specific in the two occurences of "all flesh" in Isaiah 40. In v. 5, in a salvation context where the glory of the LORD is to be revealed to "all flesh," the Targum renders to "the sons of all flesh." In vv. 6b-8, however, there is a decided shift to the more specific, this time to identify "all flesh" with the wicked. Thus the prophetic cry, in the Aramaic, becomes: All the wicked are as grass, and all their strength as the flower of the field. The grass withereth, its flower fadeth; for the wind from before the LORD hath blown upon it; therefore the wicked among the people are counted as grass. The wicked dieth, his thoughts (or, plans) perish; but the word of our God abideth for ever. All the varied imagery of the passage has been given a consistent reinterpretation: "all flesh" in v. 6 becomes "all the wicked"; "the people" of v. 7 become "the wicked among the people"; the "grass" and the "flower" of v. 8 becomes "the wicked" and "his thoughts" (or "plans"). ...”
Robert Davidson, “The Imagery of Isaiah 40:6-8 in Tradition and Interpretation,” in "The Imagery of Isaiah 40:6-8 in Tradition and Interpretation" in Evans, Craig A., and Shemaryahu Talmon (eds.) The Quest for Context and Meaning: Studies in Biblical Intertextuality in Honor of James A. Sanders, ed. Craig A. Evans and Shemaryahu Talmon (Leiden: Brill, 1997), 44.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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