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Jonathan Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 22

1 The burden of the prophecy concerning the city that dwells in the valley, about which the prophets prophesied. What troubles you now, that you have all gone up to the housetops? 2 because of the tumult that fills the praiseworthy, fortified, joyous city. Your slain were not slain by the sword, nor did they die in battle. 3 All your rulers have been led away; from before the bent bow they have gone into captivity together; all who were found in you have been slain, together they fled far away. 4 Therefore I said, Turn away from me, let me weep bitterly; do not try to comfort me for the desolation of the congregation of my people. 5 For it is a day of tumult, of trampling underfoot, and of slaughter before the Lord, the God of hosts, against the city that dwells in the valley, against which the prophets prophesied. They search the houses, they surround the towers that are on the tops of the mountains. 6 And the Elamites have taken up arms in the chariot of a man, and with him are a pair of horsemen, and on the wall they hang the shields. 7 And it will happen that the most beautiful of your valleys will be filled with chariots, and the horsemen will be set against the gates. 8 And he will remove the covering of Judah, and in that day he will look to the weapons in the house of the treasury of the sanctuary. 9 And you will see that the breaches of the city of David are many, and you will gather the people together at the lower pool. 10 And you will count the houses of Jerusalem, and you will tear down the houses to fortify the wall. 11 And you will make a reservoir between the walls for the water of the old pool; but you have not looked to its Maker, nor had regard for Him who created it long ago. 12 And the prophet of the LORD, the God, the God of hosts, called in that day for weeping and mourning, for shaving the head and wearing sackcloth; 13 but instead there is joy and gladness; they say, “Let us slay oxen and kill sheep, let us eat meat and drink wine; let us eat and drink, for we will die and not live.” 14 The prophet said, With my own ears I heard when this was decreed from before the LORD of hosts, that this iniquity of yours will not be forgiven you until you die the second death, said the Lord, the God, the God of hosts.⁠ 15 Thus said the Lord, the God, the God of hosts, “Come, go to this ruler, to Shebna, who is appointed over the house, 16 and you will say to him, ‘What do you have here, and whom do you have here, that you have prepared a place for yourself here? He has prepared his place on high! He has carved out in the rock a dwelling place for himself!’” 17 The LORD will hurl you away with a mighty hurling, and He will cover you with shame. 18 He will take away your crown, and the enemies will surround you like an encircling wall, and they will lead you into captivity into a spacious country; there you will die, and there the chariots of your glory will return in disgrace, because you have not kept the honor of your master’s house. 19 And I will thrust you down from your station, and I will strip you of your office. 20 And at that time I will make my servant Eliakim the son of Hilkiah great. 21 And I will clothe him with your robe, and bind your sash on him, and I will commit your authority into his hand, and he will be a prince to the inhabitants of Jerusalem and to the house of Judah. 22 And I will place the key of the house of the sanctuary and the government of the house of David in his hand;⁠ he will open, and none will shut; he will shut, and none will open. 23 And I will appoint him as a faithful chief governor, an officer in a secure place, and he will be a glorious throne to his father’s house. 24 All the nobles of his father’s house will rest upon him, the children and the children’s children, from the young men to the little ones, from the priests clothed with the ephod to the Levites who hold the lyres. 25 At that time, says the LORD of hosts, the faithful chief governor who ministered in a secure place will be removed; he will be cut off and will fall, and the burden of prophecy concerning him will be accomplished, because the Memra of the LORD has so decreed it.

Texts in conversation

Compare Revelation 2:11 and Jonathan Isaiah 22:14

New Testament · Targum

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Summary

Revelation refers to the “second death” to describe final judgment, language found only in Revelation and the Targums, such as the Aramaic translation of Isaiah. Revelation likely follows an Aramaic tradition later added to the Targums.

Passages

Revelation 2:11

New Testament
9 ‘I know the distress you are suffering and your poverty (but you are rich). I also know the slander against you by those who call themselves Jews and really are not, but are a synagogue of Satan. 10 Do not be afraid of the things you are about to suffer. The devil is about to have some of you thrown into prison so you may be tested, and you will experience suffering for ten days. Remain faithful even to the point of death, and I will give you the crown that is life itself. 11 The one who has an ear had better hear what the Spirit says to the churches. The one who conquers will in no way be harmed by the second death.’
92–96 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Revelation

Jonathan Isaiah 22:14

Targum
12 And the prophet of the LORD, the God, the God of hosts, called in that day for weeping and mourning, for shaving the head and wearing sackcloth; 13 but instead there is joy and gladness; they say, “Let us slay oxen and kill sheep, let us eat meat and drink wine; let us eat and drink, for we will die and not live.” 14 The prophet said, With my own ears I heard when this was decreed from before the LORD of hosts, that this iniquity of yours will not be forgiven you until you die the second death, said the Lord, the God, the God of hosts. 15 Thus said the Lord, the God, the God of hosts, “Come, go to this ruler, to Shebna, who is appointed over the house, 16 and you will say to him, ‘What do you have here, and whom do you have here, that you have prepared a place for yourself here? He has prepared his place on high! He has carved out in the rock a dwelling place for himself!’”
200–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonathan Isaiah

References

"... The Targumim participate in a cosmology that reflects convictions of how eschatological reward and punishment are to be worked out. It is unlikely that the targumic scheme is original; more probably, it reflects widespread expectations. But sometimes the Targumim illuminate otherwise esoteric statements within the New Testament. Isaiah Targum 63:6 specifies the “lower earth” as the place to which God will cast the “mighty men” of his enemies. A similar phrase is used in Ephesians 4:9 in order to refer to Christ’s descent to the dead. Divine anger is invoked in the Isaiah Targum 3:16-24 against women who adorn themselves—especially their hair—in an exaggerated fashion, and that invites comparison with 1 Timothy 2:9 and 1 Peter 3:3. God’s anger is understood to “whiten” (Targum Malachi 3:2) in a way that may illuminate passages such as Mark 9:3 and Revelation 7:14. The definitive punishment of the wicked is that they are to suffer the “second death.” That is the threat of both Targum Jonathan (Isaiah 22:14; 65:6, 15; Jeremiah 51:39, 57) and the Revelation of John (2:11; 20:6, 14; 21:8). Any extension of time serves to allow for the possibility of repentance (see Targum Isaiah 26:10; 42:14; Targum Habakkuk 1:13; 3:1-2; 2 Peter 3:9; Revelation 2:21). When the God who judges in this fashion takes notice of people, a “memorial” or “remembrance” may be said to come before him. This is a generally targumic expression—amply attested in Targum Jonathan—which also appears in the New Testament ..."
Paul V. M. Flesher and Bruce D. Chilton, The Targums: A Critical Introduction, SAIS 12 (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2011), 401.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Revelation 2:11 and Jonathan Isaiah 22:14

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