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Jonah

About this book
Chapter 4

1 This displeased Jonah terribly and he became very angry.⁠ 2 He prayed to the Lord and said, “Oh, Lord, this is just what I thought would happen when I was in my own country. This is what I tried to prevent by attempting to escape to Tarshish, because I knew that you are a gracious and compassionate God, slow to anger and abounding in mercy,⁠ and one who relents concerning threatened judgment.⁠ 3 So now, Lord, kill me instead, because I would rather die than live!”⁠ 4 The Lord said, “Are you really so very angry?” 5 Jonah left the city and sat down east of it. He made a shelter for himself there and sat down under it in the shade to see what would happen to the city. 6 The Lord God appointed a little plant⁠ and caused it to grow up over Jonah to be a shade over his head to rescue him from his misery. Now Jonah was very delighted about the little plant. 7 So God sent a worm at dawn the next day, and it attacked the little plant so that it dried up. 8 When the sun began to shine, God sent a hot east wind. So the sun beat down on Jonah’s head, and he grew faint. So he despaired of life and said, “I would rather die than live!” 9 God said to Jonah, “Are you really so very angry about the little plant?” And he said, “I am as angry as I could possibly be!” 10 The Lord said, “You were upset about this little plant, something for which you did not work, nor did you do anything to make it grow. It grew up overnight and died the next day. 11 Should I not be more concerned about Nineveh, this enormous city? There are more than 120,000 people in it who do not know right from wrong, as well as many animals.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 34:6 and Jonah 4:2

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Jonah repeats the description of God from Exodus 34 and calls him compassionate, gracious, slow to anger, and full of loyal love. In Exodus this describes God’s relationship with Israel, but Jonah uses it to explain God’s mercy to Nineveh.

Passages

Exodus 34:6

Hebrew Bible
4 So Moses cut out two tablets of stone like the first; early in the morning he went up to Mount Sinai, just as the Lord had commanded him, and he took in his hand the two tablets of stone. 5 The Lord descended in the cloud and stood with him there and proclaimed the Lord by name. 6 The Lord passed by before him and proclaimed: “The Lord, the Lord, the compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, and abounding in loyal love and faithfulness, 7 keeping loyal love for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin. But he by no means leaves the guilty unpunished, responding to the transgression of fathers by dealing with children and children’s children, to the third and fourth generation.” 8 Moses quickly bowed to the ground and worshiped
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Jonah 4:2

Hebrew Bible
1 This displeased Jonah terribly and he became very angry. 2 He prayed to the Lord and said, “Oh, Lord, this is just what I thought would happen when I was in my own country. This is what I tried to prevent by attempting to escape to Tarshish, because I knew that you are a gracious and compassionate God, slow to anger and abounding in mercy, and one who relents concerning threatened judgment. 3 So now, Lord, kill me instead, because I would rather die than live!” 4 The Lord said, “Are you really so very angry?”
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonah

References

"... This verse forms the central theological tenet of Jonah and the recitation is used exactly like in Joel 2:13, except that the prophet is not speaking to Israel or Judah (or is he?) but addresses Yahweh in the second person. The whole allusion becomes a radical re-contextualization as the issue is not about the ambiguous presence of Yahweh with his own people, but the fact that this central confession about what or who Yahweh is for his own people seems to be true for other nations as well. The ambiguity about Yahweh’s mercy or his relenting is also echoed ironically in Jonah when the king of Nineveh states: “Who knows?” - God may relent and change his mind.” Whereas Joel took Exodus 34:6-7 to be an ambiguous, but powerful confession about Yahweh’s particular and exclusive forgiving presence for his own people, the book of Jonah uses Exodus 34:6-7 as an ironic universalizing extension of Yahweh’s bipolar character not just to Israel but to all nations who repent (Zenger et al 1997:502) ..."
J. P. Bosman, “The Paradoxical Presence of Exodus 34:6–7 in the Book of the Twelve,” Scriptura 87 (2004): 233–243.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 34:6 and Jonah 4:2

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