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Job

About this book
Chapter 38

1 Then the Lord answered Job out of the whirlwind:⁠ 2 “Who is this who darkens counsel with words without knowledge?⁠ 3 Get ready for a difficult task like a man; I will question you, and you will inform me.⁠ 4 “Where were you when I laid the foundation of the earth?⁠ Tell me, if you possess understanding.⁠ 5 Who set its measurements—if you know—or who stretched a measuring line across it? 6 On what were its bases set, or who laid its cornerstone— 7 when the morning stars sang in chorus, and all the sons of God shouted for joy?⁠ 8 “Who shut up the sea with doors when it burst forth, coming out of the womb,⁠ 9 when I made the storm clouds its garment and thick darkness its swaddling band, 10 when I prescribed its limits and set in place its bolts and doors, 11 when I said, ‘To here you may come and no farther, here your proud waves will be confined’? 12 Have you ever in your life commanded the morning, or made the dawn know its place, 13 that it might seize the corners of the earth and shake the wicked out of it? 14 The earth takes shape like clay under a seal; its features are dyed like a garment. 15 Then from the wicked the light is withheld, and the arm raised in violence is broken. 16 Have you gone to the springs that fill the sea or walked about in the recesses of the deep? 17 Have the gates of death been revealed to you? Have you seen the gates of deepest darkness?⁠ 18 Have you considered the vast expanses of the earth? Tell me, if you know it all. 19 “In what direction does light reside, and darkness, where is its place, 20 that you may take them to their borders and perceive the pathways to their homes? 21 You know, for you were born before them; and the number of your days is great! 22 Have you entered the storehouse of the snow or seen the armory of the hail,⁠ 23 which I reserve for the time of trouble, for the day of war and battle? 24 In what direction is lightning dispersed, or the east winds scattered over the earth? 25 Who carves out a channel for the heavy rains and a path for the rumble of thunder, 26 to cause it to rain on an uninhabited land, a wilderness where there are no human beings, 27 to satisfy a devastated and desolate land, and to cause it to sprout with vegetation? 28 Does the rain have a father, or who has fathered the drops of the dew? 29 From whose womb does the ice emerge, and the frost from the sky, who gives birth to it, 30 when the waters become hard like stone, when the surface of the deep is frozen solid? 31 Can you tie the bands of the Pleiades⁠ or release the cords of Orion?⁠ 32 Can you lead out the constellations in their seasons or guide the Bear with its cubs?⁠ 33 Do you know the laws of the heavens, or can you set up their rule over the earth? 34 Can you raise your voice to the clouds so that a flood of water covers you? 35 Can you send out lightning bolts, and they go? Will they say to you, ‘Here we are’? 36 Who has put wisdom in the heart or has imparted understanding to the mind? 37 Who by wisdom can count the clouds, and who can tip over the water jars of heaven, 38 when the dust hardens into a mass, and the clumps of earth stick together?⁠ 39 “Do you hunt prey for the lioness and satisfy the appetite of the lions 40 when they crouch in their dens, when they wait in ambush in the thicket? 41 Who prepares prey for the raven, when its young cry out to God and wander about for lack of food?

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 14:13 and Job 38:7

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Isaiah 14 and Job 38 echo ancient Near Eastern traditions where the stars are a divine council serving the high god. Job places this council at creation, while Isaiah uses the image to mock a ruler who imagines himself rising above that divine order.

Passages

Isaiah 14:13

Hebrew Bible
12 “Look how you have fallen from the sky, O shining one, son of the dawn! You have been cut down to the ground, O conqueror of the nations! 13 You said to yourself, ‘I will climb up to the sky. Above the stars of El I will set up my throne. I will rule on the mountain of assembly on the remote slopes of Zaphon. 14 I will climb up to the tops of the clouds; I will make myself like the Most High!’
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Job 38:7

Hebrew Bible
5 Who set its measurements—if you know—or who stretched a measuring line across it? 6 On what were its bases set, or who laid its cornerstone— 7 when the morning stars sang in chorus, and all the sons of God shouted for joy? 8 “Who shut up the sea with doors when it burst forth, coming out of the womb, 9 when I made the storm clouds its garment and thick darkness its swaddling band, 10 when I prescribed its limits and set in place its bolts and doors, 11 when I said, ‘To here you may come and no farther, here your proud waves will be confined’?
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Job

References

"... The later religion of Israel may have known a cult of El that included a minimum number of these astral deities. Limits on the scope of this paper prevent a full-scale examination of the pertinent material, but some well-known biblical texts may illustrate the situation. El’s astral family may underlie the divine question posed to Job in 38:6–7: Who set its cornerstone when the morning stars sang together and all the divine beings [bénê élohîm] shouted for joy? In the verse, Yahweh the creator-god (like old El?) asks Job if he was present when Yahweh set the cornerstone of the world’s foundations, an ancient event celebrated by the divine beings, here specified as stars. In this passage, the morning stars are clearly parallel to bénê ªélohîm, and on the basis of this verse, Oldenburg (1970) connects the astral bodies with El. The god’s astral association apparently lies behind the polemic in Isaiah 14:13 against the king of Babylon, who attempts to ascend into heaven and exalt his throne “above the stars of El” (mimmaal lékôkébê-el); it should be noted that Shahar is mentioned in the previous verse. The astral dimension of such a polemic against a foreign king perhaps lived on in the polemics directed against Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Daniel 8:9–11: the “little horn” grew “even to the host of heaven” and cast some of them down ..."
Mark S. Smith, “When the Heavens Darkened: Yahweh, El, and the Divine Astral Family in Iron Age II Judah,” in Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past: Canaan, Ancient Israel, and Their Neighbors from the Late Bronze Age Through Roman Palaestina, ed. William G. Dever and Seymour Gitin (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2003), 265–277.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 14:13 and Job 38:7

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