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Job

About this book
Chapter 31

1 “I made a covenant with my eyes; how then could I entertain thoughts against a virgin? 2 What then would be one’s lot from God above, one’s heritage from the Almighty on high? 3 Is it not misfortune for the unjust and disaster for those who work iniquity? 4 Does he not see my ways and count all my steps? 5 If I have walked in falsehood and if my foot has hastened to deceit— 6 let him weigh me with honest scales; then God will discover my integrity. 7 If my footsteps have strayed from the way, if my heart has gone after my eyes, or if anything has defiled my hands, 8 then let me sow and let another eat, and let my crops be uprooted. 9 If my heart has been enticed by a woman, and I have lain in wait at my neighbor’s door, 10 then let my wife turn the millstone for another man, and may other men commit adultery with her. 11 For I would have committed a shameful act, an iniquity to be judged. 12 For it is a fire that devours even to Destruction, and it would uproot all my harvest. 13 “If I have disregarded the right of my male servants or my female servants when they disputed with me, 14 then what will I do when God confronts me in judgment; when he intervenes, how will I respond to him? 15 Did not the one who made me in the womb make them? Did not the same one form us in the womb? 16 If I have refused to give the poor what they desired, or caused the eyes of the widow to fail, 17 if I ate my morsel of bread myself, and did not share any of it with orphans— 18 but from my youth I raised the orphan like a father, and from my mother’s womb I guided the widow—⁠ 19 if I have seen anyone about to perish for lack of clothing, or a poor man without a coat, 20 whose heart did not bless me as he warmed himself with the fleece of my sheep, 21 if I have raised my hand to vote against the orphan, when I saw my support in the court, 22 then let my arm fall from the shoulder, let my arm be broken off at the socket. 23 For the calamity from God was a terror to me, and by reason of his majesty I was powerless. 24 “If I have put my confidence in gold or said to pure gold, ‘You are my security!’ 25 if I have rejoiced because of the extent of my wealth, or because of the great wealth my hand had gained, 26 if I looked at the sun when it was shining, and the moon advancing as a precious thing, 27 so that my heart was secretly enticed, and my hand threw them a kiss from my mouth, 28 then this also would be iniquity to be judged, for I would have been false to God above. 29 If I have rejoiced over the misfortune of my enemy or exulted because calamity found him— 30 I have not even permitted my mouth to sin by asking for his life through a curse— 31 if the members of my household have never said, ‘If only there were someone who has not been satisfied from Job’s meat!’— 32 but no stranger had to spend the night outside, for I opened my doors to the traveler— 33 if I have covered my transgressions as men do, by hiding iniquity in my heart,⁠ 34 because I was terrified of the great multitude, and the contempt of families terrified me, so that I remained silent and would not go outdoors— 35 “If only I had someone to hear me! Here is my signature— let the Almighty answer me! If only I had an indictment that my accuser had written. 36 Surely I would wear it proudly on my shoulder, I would bind it on me like a crown; 37 I would give him an accounting of my steps; like a prince I would draw near to him. 38 “If my land cried out against me and all its furrows wept together, 39 if I have eaten its produce without paying, or caused the death of its owners, 40 then let thorns sprout up in place of wheat, and in place of barley, noxious weeds.” The words of Job are ended.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 10:18 and Job 31:18

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Deuteronomy and Job similarly emphasize the ancient Near Eastern tradition and duty of protecting orphans and other vulnerable people. Deuteronomy grounds this duty in God’s character, and Job presents it as evidence of righteous conduct.

Passages

Deuteronomy 10:18

Hebrew Bible
15 However, only to your ancestors did he show his loving favor, and he chose you, their descendants, from all peoples—as is apparent today. 16 Therefore, circumcise your hearts and stop being so stubborn! 17 For the Lord your God is God of gods and Lord of lords, the great, mighty, and awesome God who is unbiased and takes no bribe, 18 who justly treats the orphan and widow, and who loves resident foreigners, giving them food and clothing. 19 So you must love the resident foreigner because you were foreigners in the land of Egypt.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Job 31:18

Hebrew Bible
15 Did not the one who made me in the womb make them? Did not the same one form us in the womb? 16 If I have refused to give the poor what they desired, or caused the eyes of the widow to fail, 17 if I ate my morsel of bread myself, and did not share any of it with orphans— 18 but from my youth I raised the orphan like a father, and from my mother’s womb I guided the widow— 19 if I have seen anyone about to perish for lack of clothing, or a poor man without a coat, 20 whose heart did not bless me as he warmed himself with the fleece of my sheep,
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Job

References

"... Job and Deuteronomy have major agreement concerning their understanding of the poor and marginalized members of society. Job uses the example of abusing the orphan as a form of great depravity (Job 6:27). Eliphaz concurs on this point and accuses Job of severe mistreatment of orphans (Job 22:9), which is one of the few specific accusations the friends make against Job. Job does not immediately claim innocence of this crime, but explicitly does so later (Job 29:12). Job uses orphans as evidence in his argument that God does not punish the wicked for their actions (Job 24:1–12). In Job’s summary defense of his actions (Job 31), Job claims to have upheld the cause of the orphan (Job 31:17–18) and implies that failure to do this would have been condemnable ..."
James Kipp Swinney, “Intertextual Discourse and the Problem of God: The Intersection of the Speeches of Job and Deuteronomy” (MA diss., Abilene Christian University, 2016), 69.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 10:18 and Job 31:18

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