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Job

About this book
Chapter 2

1 Again the day came when the sons of God came to present themselves before the Lord,⁠ and Satan also arrived among them to present himself before the Lord. 2 And the Lord said to Satan, “Where have you come from?” Satan answered the Lord, “From roving about on the earth, and from walking back and forth across it.” 3 Then the Lord said to Satan, “Have you considered my servant Job? For there is no one like him on the earth, a pure and upright man, one who fears God and turns away from evil. And he still holds firmly to his integrity, so that you stirred me up to destroy him without reason.” 4 But Satan answered the Lord, “Skin for skin! Indeed, a man will give up all that he has to save his life. 5 But extend your hand and strike his bone and his flesh, and he will no doubt curse you to your face!” 6 So the Lord said to Satan, “All right, he is in your power; only preserve his life.”⁠ 7 So Satan went out from the presence of the Lord, and he afflicted Job with a malignant ulcer from the soles of his feet to the top of his head.⁠ 8 Job took a shard of broken pottery to scrape himself with while he was sitting among the ashes. 9 Then his wife said to him, “Are you still holding firmly to your integrity? Curse God, and die!”⁠ 10 But he replied, “You’re talking like one of the godless women would do! Should we receive what is good from God, and not also receive what is evil?” In all this Job did not sin by what he said. 11 When Job’s three friends heard about all this calamity that had happened to him, each of them came from his own country—Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite.⁠ They met together to come to show sympathy for him and to console him. 12 But when they gazed intently from a distance but did not recognize him, they began to weep loudly. Each of them tore his robes, and they threw dust into the air over their heads. 13 Then they sat down with him on the ground for seven days and seven nights, yet no one spoke a word to him, for they saw that his pain was very great.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Kings 22:19 and Job 2:1

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

1 Kings 22 and Job describe a bureaucratic divine council that governs the world. In 1 Kings, they debate how to end Ahab’s rule, and in Job they take attendance. These describe the divine council similar to the structure of human councils.

Passages

1 Kings 22:19

Hebrew Bible
19 Micaiah said, “That being the case, listen to the Lord’s message. I saw the Lord sitting on his throne, with all the heavenly assembly standing beside him on his right and on his left. 20 The Lord said, ‘Who will deceive Ahab, so he will attack Ramoth Gilead and die there?’ One said this and another that. 21 Then a spirit stepped forward and stood before the Lord. He said, ‘I will deceive him.’ 22 The Lord asked him, ‘How?’ He replied, ‘I will go out and be a lying spirit in the mouths of all his prophets.’ The Lord said, ‘Deceive and overpower him. Go out and do as you have proposed.’ 23 So now, look, the Lord has placed a lying spirit in the mouths of all these prophets of yours, but the Lord has decreed disaster for you.”
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Kings

Job 2:1

Hebrew Bible
1 Again the day came when the sons of God came to present themselves before the Lord, and Satan also arrived among them to present himself before the Lord. 2 And the Lord said to Satan, “Where have you come from?” Satan answered the Lord, “From roving about on the earth, and from walking back and forth across it.” 3 Then the Lord said to Satan, “Have you considered my servant Job? For there is no one like him on the earth, a pure and upright man, one who fears God and turns away from evil. And he still holds firmly to his integrity, so that you stirred me up to destroy him without reason.”
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Job

References

"... The clearest narrative about the procedure of the divine council is the story of Micaiah’s audience in heaven. Yahweh (= El) wished to destroy the king of Israel during a battle, so the assembly of the “host of heaven” was called to work out a plan toward this end ... Though the Bible calls the assembled beings בְנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים (Sons of God), it is widely understood that these were the gods who made up the heavenly court in Judah and Israel. The host was called together by Yahweh (= El) in this narrative, though El was not the only god who could call together the assembly; in fact, even the humans Kirta and Daniel are portrayed in the Ugaritic legends as bringing the divine assembly together. The assembly is presented in the Micaiah passage as made up of members who, in the course of dealing with the problem before them, disagreed with each other. The highest authority sought the members’ advice and accepted it; he did not command an action of his own devising that he expected them to carry out without dissent. It is clear, however, that the responsibility for carrying out the task was not Yahweh’s, but belonged to the spirit who thought up the ruse. The authority to perform the action was placed in the mouth of Yahweh, who pronounced the success of the mission before it was undertaken, and it was Yahweh who was credited with the successful ruse, though it was devised and carried out by another. The assembly in this story was called to confer on a specific matter related to the governance of the world. The presentation of the divine assembly at the beginning of Job portrays the assembly as a group that met regularly on a set day to report to the highest authority. In this story the deities were expected to report to God on the appointed day ..."
Lowell K. Handy, Among the Host of Heaven: The Syro-Palestinian Pantheon as Bureaucracy (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1994), 120–121.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Kings 22:19 and Job 2:1

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