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Jeremiah

About this book
Chapter 21

1 The Lord spoke to Jeremiah when King Zedekiah sent to him Pashhur son of Malkijah and the priest Zephaniah son of Maaseiah. Zedekiah sent them to Jeremiah to ask, 2 “Please ask the Lord to come and help us, because King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon is attacking us. Maybe the Lord will perform one of his miracles as in times past and make him stop attacking us and leave.” 3 Jeremiah answered them, “Tell Zedekiah 4 that the Lord, the God of Israel, says, ‘The forces at your disposal are now outside the walls fighting against King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon and the Babylonians who have you under siege. I will gather those forces back inside the city. 5 In anger, in fury, and in wrath I myself will fight against you with my mighty power and great strength. 6 I will kill everything living in Jerusalem, people and animals alike. They will die from terrible diseases. 7 Then I, the Lord, promise that I will hand over King Zedekiah of Judah, his officials, and any of the people who survive the war, starvation, and disease. I will hand them over to King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon and to their enemies who want to kill them. He will slaughter them with the sword. He will not show them any mercy, compassion, or pity.’⁠ 8 “But tell the people of Jerusalem that the Lord says, ‘I will give you a choice between two courses of action. One will result in life; the other will result in death.⁠ 9 Those who stay in this city will die in battle or of starvation or disease. Those who leave the city and surrender to the Babylonians who are besieging it will live. They will escape with their lives. 10 For I, the Lord, say that I am determined not to deliver this city but to bring disaster on it. It will be handed over to the king of Babylon, and he will destroy it with fire.’” 11 The Lord told me to say to the royal court of Judah: “Listen to the Lord’s message, 12 O royal family descended from David. The Lord says: ‘See to it that people each day are judged fairly. Deliver those who have been robbed from those who oppress them. Otherwise, my wrath will blaze out against you. It will burn like a fire that cannot be put out because of the evil that you have done. 13 Listen, you who sit enthroned above the valley on a rocky plateau. I am opposed to you,’ says the Lord. ‘You boast, “No one can swoop down on us. No one can penetrate into our places of refuge.” 14 But I will punish you as your deeds deserve,’ says the Lord. ‘I will set fire to your palace; it will burn up everything around it.’”

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 30:15 and Jeremiah 21:8 and Didache 1:1

Hebrew Bible · Early Christian

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Summary

In Deuteronomy, Moses offers Israel a choice between life and death, and in Jeremiah, God offers Jerusalem a road of life and a road of death. The Didache opens with a similar choice of roads and describes obeying its commandments as the road of life.

Passages

Deuteronomy 30:15

Hebrew Bible
15 “Look! I have set before you today life and prosperity on the one hand, and death and disaster on the other. 16 What I am commanding you today is to love the Lord your God, to walk in his ways, and to obey his commandments, his statutes, and his ordinances. Then you will live and become numerous and the Lord your God will bless you in the land that you are about to possess. 17 However, if you turn aside and do not obey, but are lured away to worship and serve other gods, 18 I declare to you this very day that you will certainly perish! You will not extend your time in the land you are crossing the Jordan to possess. 19 Today I invoke heaven and earth as witnesses against you that I have set life and death, blessing and curse, before you. Therefore choose life so that you and your descendants may live!
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Jeremiah 21:8

Hebrew Bible
8 “But tell the people of Jerusalem that the Lord says, ‘I will give you a choice between two courses of action. One will result in life; the other will result in death. 9 Those who stay in this city will die in battle or of starvation or disease. Those who leave the city and surrender to the Babylonians who are besieging it will live. They will escape with their lives. 10 For I, the Lord, say that I am determined not to deliver this city but to bring disaster on it. It will be handed over to the king of Babylon, and he will destroy it with fire.’”
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jeremiah

Didache 1:1

Early Christian
1 There are two Ways: one of Life and one of Death, and there is a significant difference between the two Ways. 2 The way of life is as follows: First, you should love the God who created you; secondly, love your neighbor as yourself. Treat others as you would want to be treated. 3 Now, the teaching behind these words is this: Bless those who curse you, pray for your enemies, and fast for those who persecute you. What credit is it to you if you love only those who love you back? Don't even the non-believers do the same? Instead, love those who hate you, and you will have no enemies.
90–120 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Didache

References

“... Above, it was established that the Hebrew Bible exhibits an abundance of examples of the Two Ways metaphor, the most interesting of which are the passages in Deut 30:15 and 19. Although these two verses are not instances of the metaphor proper, they describe the choice God has given between "life and good" and "death and evil" (30:15), or "life and death" and "blessing and curse" (30:19). In rabbinic writings, especially in the Palestinian Targum tradition, the alternatives proposed here are associated with the two ways of life and death: See, I have set before you this day the way of life, by which the good reward for the just is fulfilled, and the way of death by which the evil reward for the wicked is fulfilled (TgPs-Yon on Deut 30:15) and ... the way of life and the way of mortality have I provided for you, the blessing and the curses; and you shall choose the way of life, in order that you may live ... (TgNeof on Deut 30:19). This interpretation was undoubtedly influenced by Jer 21:8, where the phrase 'to give before you' [...], also occurring in Deut 30:15.19, is combined with the way of life [...] and the way of death [...]. Other rabbinic instances linking the two ways theme with Deut 30 are DeutR 4,3, SifDeut (pisqa 53), and Pirqe R. El. 15. It may be true that the above formulations in Deut 30 and related Jewish traditions have played a part in the development of the Two Ways tradition. ...”
Huub van de Sandt and David Flusser, The Didache: Its Jewish Sources and Its Place in Early Judaism and Christianity, Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum, Section 3: Jewish Traditions in Early Christian Literature 5 (Assen: Royal Van Gorcum, 2002), 143.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 30:15 and Jeremiah 21:8 and Didache 1:1

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