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About this book

Didache

About this book

The Two Ways: The Way of Life

Chapter 1

1 There are two Ways: one of Life and one of Death, and there is a significant difference between the two Ways.⁠ 2 The way of life is as follows: First, you should love the God who created you; secondly, love your neighbor as yourself.⁠ Treat others as you would want to be treated.⁠ 3 Now, the teaching behind these words is this: Bless those who curse you, pray for your enemies, and fast for those who persecute you. What credit is it to you if you love only those who love you back? Don't even the non-believers do the same? Instead, love those who hate you,⁠ and you will have no enemies. 4 Refrain from indulging in carnal and bodily desires. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn the other cheek to them as well, and you will be perfect. If someone compels you to go one mile, go two. If someone takes your coat, offer them your shirt as well.⁠ If someone takes from you what belongs to you, do not ask for it back, since you cannot. 5 Give to everyone who asks of you, and do not ask for it back, for the Father's will is that we give to all from the gifts we have received. Blessed is the one who gives according to the commandment, for they are innocent. Woe to the one who receives: if someone receives because they are in need, they are innocent, but those who receive without need will be questioned as to why they took and for what purpose.⁠ They will be examined for their deeds while in prison, and they will not be released until they pay the last penny. 6 Regarding this matter, it was also said, let your gift to the poor sweat in your hands until you know to whom you are giving.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 30:15 and Jeremiah 21:8 and Didache 1:1

Hebrew Bible · Early Christian

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Summary

In Deuteronomy, Moses offers Israel a choice between life and death, and in Jeremiah, God offers Jerusalem a road of life and a road of death. The Didache opens with a similar choice of roads and describes obeying its commandments as the road of life.

Passages

Deuteronomy 30:15

Hebrew Bible
15 “Look! I have set before you today life and prosperity on the one hand, and death and disaster on the other. 16 What I am commanding you today is to love the Lord your God, to walk in his ways, and to obey his commandments, his statutes, and his ordinances. Then you will live and become numerous and the Lord your God will bless you in the land that you are about to possess. 17 However, if you turn aside and do not obey, but are lured away to worship and serve other gods, 18 I declare to you this very day that you will certainly perish! You will not extend your time in the land you are crossing the Jordan to possess. 19 Today I invoke heaven and earth as witnesses against you that I have set life and death, blessing and curse, before you. Therefore choose life so that you and your descendants may live!
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Jeremiah 21:8

Hebrew Bible
8 “But tell the people of Jerusalem that the Lord says, ‘I will give you a choice between two courses of action. One will result in life; the other will result in death. 9 Those who stay in this city will die in battle or of starvation or disease. Those who leave the city and surrender to the Babylonians who are besieging it will live. They will escape with their lives. 10 For I, the Lord, say that I am determined not to deliver this city but to bring disaster on it. It will be handed over to the king of Babylon, and he will destroy it with fire.’”
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jeremiah

Didache 1:1

Early Christian
1 There are two Ways: one of Life and one of Death, and there is a significant difference between the two Ways. 2 The way of life is as follows: First, you should love the God who created you; secondly, love your neighbor as yourself. Treat others as you would want to be treated. 3 Now, the teaching behind these words is this: Bless those who curse you, pray for your enemies, and fast for those who persecute you. What credit is it to you if you love only those who love you back? Don't even the non-believers do the same? Instead, love those who hate you, and you will have no enemies.
90–120 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Didache

References

“... Above, it was established that the Hebrew Bible exhibits an abundance of examples of the Two Ways metaphor, the most interesting of which are the passages in Deut 30:15 and 19. Although these two verses are not instances of the metaphor proper, they describe the choice God has given between "life and good" and "death and evil" (30:15), or "life and death" and "blessing and curse" (30:19). In rabbinic writings, especially in the Palestinian Targum tradition, the alternatives proposed here are associated with the two ways of life and death: See, I have set before you this day the way of life, by which the good reward for the just is fulfilled, and the way of death by which the evil reward for the wicked is fulfilled (TgPs-Yon on Deut 30:15) and ... the way of life and the way of mortality have I provided for you, the blessing and the curses; and you shall choose the way of life, in order that you may live ... (TgNeof on Deut 30:19). This interpretation was undoubtedly influenced by Jer 21:8, where the phrase 'to give before you' [...], also occurring in Deut 30:15.19, is combined with the way of life [...] and the way of death [...]. Other rabbinic instances linking the two ways theme with Deut 30 are DeutR 4,3, SifDeut (pisqa 53), and Pirqe R. El. 15. It may be true that the above formulations in Deut 30 and related Jewish traditions have played a part in the development of the Two Ways tradition. ...”
Huub van de Sandt and David Flusser, The Didache: Its Jewish Sources and Its Place in Early Judaism and Christianity, Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum, Section 3: Jewish Traditions in Early Christian Literature 5 (Assen: Royal Van Gorcum, 2002), 143.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 30:15 and Jeremiah 21:8 and Didache 1:1

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