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James

About this book
Chapter 4

1 Where do the conflicts and where do the quarrels among you come from? Is it not from this, from your passions that battle inside you? 2 You desire and you do not have; you murder and envy and you cannot obtain; you quarrel and fight. You do not have because you do not ask; 3 you ask and do not receive because you ask wrongly, so you can spend it on your passions. 4 Adulterers, do you not know that friendship with the world means hostility toward God?⁠ So whoever decides to be the world’s friend makes himself God’s enemy. 5 Or do you think the scripture means nothing when it says, “The spirit that God caused to live within us has an envious yearning”?⁠ 6 But he gives greater grace. Therefore it says, “God opposes the proud, but he gives grace to⁠ the humble.”⁠ 7 So submit to God. But resist the devil and he will flee from you.⁠ 8 Draw near to God and he will draw near to you. Cleanse your hands, you sinners, and make your hearts pure, you double-minded. 9 Grieve, mourn, and weep. Turn your laughter into mourning and your joy into despair. 10 Humble yourselves before the Lord and he will exalt you. 11 Do not speak against one another, brothers and sisters. He who speaks against a fellow believer or judges a fellow believer speaks against the law and judges the law. But if you judge the law, you are not a doer of the law but its judge. 12 But there is only one who is lawgiver and judge—the one who is able to save and destroy. On the other hand, who are you to judge your neighbor? 13 Come now, you who say, “Today or tomorrow we will go into this or that town and spend a year there and do business and make a profit.”⁠ 14 You do not know about tomorrow. What is your life like? For you are a puff of smoke that appears for a short time and then vanishes.⁠ 15 You ought to say instead, “If the Lord is willing, then we will live and do this or that.” 16 But as it is, you boast about your arrogant plans. All such boasting is evil. 17 So whoever knows what is good to do and does not do it is guilty of sin.

Texts in conversation

Compare Testament of Naphtali 8:4 and James 4:7

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments · New Testament

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Summary

James echoes language found in the Testament of Naphtali, where the devil flees from those who do good or resist evil, suggesting James incorporated existing Jewish theological and literary traditions.

Passages

Testament of Naphtali 8:4

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments · Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs
2 So you also must charge your children to stay united with Levi and Judah, for through them salvation will arise for Israel, and in them Jacob will be blessed. 3 For through their tribes God will appear on earth, dwelling among people, to save the race of Israel and to gather the righteous from among the Gentiles. 4 If you do what is good, my children, both people and angels will bless you; God will be glorified among the Gentiles through you, the devil will flee from you, the wild beasts will fear you, the Lord will love you, and the angels will hold fast to you. 5 Just as a man who has trained a child well is remembered with kindness, so a good deed is remembered well before God. 6 But whoever does not do what is good, both angels and people will curse; God will be dishonored among the Gentiles through him, the devil will make him his own special instrument, every wild beast will dominate him, and the Lord will hate him.
100 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Testament of Naphtali

James 4:7

New Testament
4 Adulterers, do you not know that friendship with the world means hostility toward God? So whoever decides to be the world’s friend makes himself God’s enemy. 5 Or do you think the scripture means nothing when it says, “The spirit that God caused to live within us has an envious yearning”? 6 But he gives greater grace. Therefore it says, “God opposes the proud, but he gives grace to the humble.” 7 So submit to God. But resist the devil and he will flee from you. 8 Draw near to God and he will draw near to you. Cleanse your hands, you sinners, and make your hearts pure, you double-minded. 9 Grieve, mourn, and weep. Turn your laughter into mourning and your joy into despair.
80–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in James

References

"... Recent interest in the Epistle of James has included probes into the relationship between the Jesus tradition and James. The epistle presents a set of salient connections to the developing literary milieu of the second century, including compelling examples from the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs and the Shepherd of Hermas. One of the more striking literary parallels comes from a single line in James 4, 'Resist the devil and he will flee from you' (4:7). After examining the parallel evidence found in the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs and the Shepherd of Hermas, I contend that this line in James-the devil will flee-may summarize the story of Jesus's temptation in the gospels ..."
M. John-Patrick O'Connor, “The Devil Will Flee: James 4:7, the Jesus Tradition, and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs,” JBL 138.4 (2019): 883–897.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Testament of Naphtali 8:4 and James 4:7

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