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James

About this book
Chapter 4

1 Where do the conflicts and where do the quarrels among you come from? Is it not from this, from your passions that battle inside you? 2 You desire and you do not have; you murder and envy and you cannot obtain; you quarrel and fight. You do not have because you do not ask; 3 you ask and do not receive because you ask wrongly, so you can spend it on your passions. 4 Adulterers, do you not know that friendship with the world means hostility toward God?⁠ So whoever decides to be the world’s friend makes himself God’s enemy. 5 Or do you think the scripture means nothing when it says, “The spirit that God caused to live within us has an envious yearning”?⁠ 6 But he gives greater grace. Therefore it says, “God opposes the proud, but he gives grace to⁠ the humble.”⁠ 7 So submit to God. But resist the devil and he will flee from you.⁠ 8 Draw near to God and he will draw near to you. Cleanse your hands, you sinners, and make your hearts pure, you double-minded. 9 Grieve, mourn, and weep. Turn your laughter into mourning and your joy into despair. 10 Humble yourselves before the Lord and he will exalt you. 11 Do not speak against one another, brothers and sisters. He who speaks against a fellow believer or judges a fellow believer speaks against the law and judges the law. But if you judge the law, you are not a doer of the law but its judge. 12 But there is only one who is lawgiver and judge—the one who is able to save and destroy. On the other hand, who are you to judge your neighbor? 13 Come now, you who say, “Today or tomorrow we will go into this or that town and spend a year there and do business and make a profit.”⁠ 14 You do not know about tomorrow. What is your life like? For you are a puff of smoke that appears for a short time and then vanishes.⁠ 15 You ought to say instead, “If the Lord is willing, then we will live and do this or that.” 16 But as it is, you boast about your arrogant plans. All such boasting is evil. 17 So whoever knows what is good to do and does not do it is guilty of sin.

Texts in conversation

Compare LXX Proverbs 3:34 and James 4:6 and Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 30:2

Septuagint · New Testament · Early Christian

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Summary

In 1 Clement, the author backs a call to reject pride with the proverb that God resists the proud, the same saying from Proverbs 3 that James quotes for the same purpose, which suggests it was a standard text in Christian teaching on humility.

Passages

LXX Proverbs 3:34

Septuagint
29 Do not devise evil against your friend, living near you and trusting in you. 30 Do not be ready to quarrel with a man without a cause, for fear that he might do you some harm. 31 Do not bring on the reproaches of bad men, neither do you covet their ways. 32 For every transgressor is unclean before the Lord; neither does he sit among the righteous. 33 The curse of God is in the houses of the ungodly; but the habitations of the just are blessed. 34 The Lord resists the proud; but he gives grace to the humble. 35 The wise shall inherit glory; but the ungodly have exalted their own dishonor.
100–1 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Proverbs

James 4:6

New Testament
4 Adulterers, do you not know that friendship with the world means hostility toward God? So whoever decides to be the world’s friend makes himself God’s enemy. 5 Or do you think the scripture means nothing when it says, “The spirit that God caused to live within us has an envious yearning”? 6 But he gives greater grace. Therefore it says, “God opposes the proud, but he gives grace to the humble.” 7 So submit to God. But resist the devil and he will flee from you. 8 Draw near to God and he will draw near to you. Cleanse your hands, you sinners, and make your hearts pure, you double-minded.
80–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in James

Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 30:2

Early Christian · First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians
1 Since, then, we are the special portion of a Holy God, let us do everything that belongs to holiness, giving up slander, abominable and impure embraces, drunkenness and rioting and hateful lusts, abominable adultery, hateful pride. 2 For God, He says, resists the proud, but gives grace to those who are lowly. 3 Let us therefore be loyal to those to whom grace is given by God. Let us clothe ourselves in harmony, being humble and self-controlled, keeping ourselves far from all backbiting and slander, being justified by works and not by words. 4 For He says, “The one who says much shall hear much in return. Does the glib talker think he is righteous?”
90–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Clement of Rome, 1 Clement

References

“... Another strong accusation is aimed at the offenders in Corinth in 1 Clem 21:5, when they are said to be: [...] (foolish and senseless people, who exalt themselves and boast in the arrogance of their words, rather than God.) In 1 Clem 30:1 a powerful list of character traits to be strongly avoided is given, listing also: [...] (detestable pride.) Then a Scripture citation (linking Prov 3:34, Jas 4:6 and 1 Pet 5:5) is called upon in support in 1 Clem 30:2: [...] (“For God,” it says, “resists the proud, but gives grace to the humble.”) ...”
Lambert D. Jacobs, “The ‘Ethics’ of Badmouthing the Other: Vilification as Persuasive Speech Act in First Clement,” in Moral Language in the New Testament: The Interrelatedness of Language and Ethics in Early Christian Writings, ed. Ruben Zimmermann and Jan G. van der Watt (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2010), 370.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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LXX Proverbs 3:34 and James 4:6 and Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 30:2

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