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Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 9

1 The gloom will be dispelled for those who were anxious. In earlier times he humiliated the land of Zebulun, and the land of Naphtali; but now he brings honor to the way of the sea, the region beyond the Jordan, and Galilee of the nations.⁠ 2 (9:1) The people walking in darkness see a bright light; light shines on those⁠ who live in a land of deep darkness.⁠ 3 You have enlarged the nation; you give them great joy. They rejoice in your presence as harvesters rejoice; as warriors celebrate when they divide up the plunder. 4 For their oppressive yoke and the club that strikes their shoulders, the cudgel the oppressor uses on them, you have shattered, as in the day of Midian’s defeat. 5 Indeed every boot that marches and shakes the earth and every garment dragged through blood is used as fuel for the fire. 6 For a child has been born to us, a son has been given to us. He shoulders responsibility and is called Wonderful Adviser, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace.⁠ 7 His dominion will be vast, and he will bring immeasurable prosperity. He will rule on David’s throne and over David’s kingdom, establishing it and strengthening it by promoting justice and fairness, from this time forward and forevermore. The zeal of the Lord of Heaven’s Armies will accomplish this. 8 The Lord decreed judgment on Jacob, and it fell on Israel. 9 All the people were aware of it, the people of Ephraim and those living in Samaria. Yet with pride and an arrogant attitude, they said, 10 “The bricks have fallen, but we will rebuild with chiseled stone; the sycamore fig trees have been cut down, but we will replace them with cedars.”⁠ 11 Then the Lord provoked their adversaries to attack them, he stirred up their enemies— 12 Syria from the east, and the Philistines from the west; they gobbled up Israelite territory. Despite all this, his anger does not subside, and his hand is ready to strike again. 13 The people did not return to the one who struck them, they did not seek reconciliation with the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. 14 So the Lord cut off Israel’s head and tail, both the shoots and stalk in one day. 15 The leaders and the highly respected people are the head, the prophets who teach lies are the tail. 16 The leaders of this nation were misleading people, and the people being led were destroyed. 17 So the Lord was not pleased with their young men, he took no pity on their orphans and widows; for the whole nation was godless and did wicked things, every mouth was speaking disgraceful words. Despite all this, his anger does not subside, and his hand is ready to strike again. 18 For evil burned like a fire, it consumed thorns and briers; it burned up the thickets of the forest, and they went up in smoke. 19 Because of the anger of the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, the land was scorched, and the people became fuel for the fire. People had no compassion on one another. 20 They devoured on the right, but were still hungry; they ate on the left, but were not satisfied. People even ate the flesh of their own arm! 21 Manasseh fought against Ephraim, and Ephraim against Manasseh; together they fought against Judah. Despite all this, his anger does not subside, and his hand is ready to strike again.

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 9:6 and Jonathan Isaiah 9:6

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

The Aramaic translation of Isaiah in Targum Jonathan does not interpret the child in Isaiah 9 as a messianic figure. Rather than applying the titles directly to the child, the Targum presents them as attributes of God, who names the future king.

Passages

Isaiah 9:6

Hebrew Bible
4 For their oppressive yoke and the club that strikes their shoulders, the cudgel the oppressor uses on them, you have shattered, as in the day of Midian’s defeat. 5 Indeed every boot that marches and shakes the earth and every garment dragged through blood is used as fuel for the fire. 6 For a child has been born to us, a son has been given to us. He shoulders responsibility and is called Wonderful Adviser, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace. 7 His dominion will be vast, and he will bring immeasurable prosperity. He will rule on David’s throne and over David’s kingdom, establishing it and strengthening it by promoting justice and fairness, from this time forward and forevermore. The zeal of the Lord of Heaven’s Armies will accomplish this.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Jonathan Isaiah 9:6

Targum
4 All their dealings are in wickedness; they are polluted with sins, like a garment dipped in blood whose stains of filth cannot be cleansed; so it is like something of no use except to be burned in fire. So He will bring against them nations who are mighty as fire, and they will slay them. 5 The prophet said to the house of David, For to us a child is born, to us a son is given, and he has taken the Torah upon himself to keep it. His name is called from before Him who is wonderful in counsel, the mighty God who lives to eternity, the Messiah, in whose days peace will be great upon us. 6 The greatness of those who keep the Torah will be magnified, and of those who maintain peace. There will be no end to the throne of David and to his kingdom, to establish it and to build it in justice and in righteousness from now on and forever. By the Memra of the LORD of hosts this will be done. 7 The LORD sent a word against the house of Jacob, and it was heard in Israel.
200–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonathan Isaiah

References

"... The Isaiah targumist explains many metaphors in the text, sometimes completely rewriting the passage, as in Isaiah 6:13, and identifies the positions of many of the people that are mentioned. The targumist removes some but not all anthropomorphisms by adding 'before,' 'glory,' Shekhinah and memra (word or wisdom). It is significant to note that the targumist's language of 6:3, Isaiah's vision of the words he heard the attendants (not Seraphim, as in the Hebrew) of God say, are repeated by Jewish worshipers in the daily services. Of special significance is the targumist's interpretation of verses 9:5 and 9:6, verses that many Christians assumed referred to Jesus. Just like Rashi and later Jewish commentators, the Isaiah targumist understood the passage to speak of the son of King Achaz, who did not follow God's commands. He would have a son whom God, the 'wonderful counselor,' will call 'Messiah,' meaning the 'anointed one,' and signifying that he will rule after Achaz. This child will keep the laws of the Torah and bring peace to the land ..."
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Exodus: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2006), 294.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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