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Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 26

1 At that time this song will be sung in the land of Judah: “We have a strong city! The Lord’s deliverance, like walls and a rampart, makes it secure. 2 Open the gates so a righteous nation can enter—one that remains trustworthy. 3 You keep completely safe the people who maintain their faith, for they trust in you. 4 Trust in the Lord from this time forward, even in Yah, the Lord, an enduring protector! 5 Indeed, the Lord knocks down those who live in a high place, he brings down an elevated town; he brings it down to the ground, he throws it down to the dust. 6 It is trampled underfoot by the feet of the oppressed, by the soles of the poor.” 7 The way of the righteous is level, the path of the righteous that you prepare is straight. 8 Yes, as your judgments unfold, O Lord, we wait for you. We desire your fame and reputation to grow.⁠ 9 I look for you during the night; my spirit within me seeks you at dawn; for when your judgments come upon the earth, those who live in the world learn about justice.⁠ 10 If the wicked are shown mercy, they do not learn about justice. Even in a land where right is rewarded, they act unjustly; they do not see the Lord’s majesty revealed.⁠ 11 O Lord, you are ready to act, but they don’t even notice. They will see and be put to shame by your angry judgment against humankind; yes, fire will consume your enemies. 12 O Lord, you make us secure, for even all we have accomplished you have done for us. 13 O Lord, our God, masters other than you have ruled us, but we praise your name alone. 14 The dead do not come back to life, the spirits of the dead do not rise.⁠ That is because you came in judgment and destroyed them, you wiped out all memory of them.⁠ 15 You have made the nation larger, O Lord; you have made the nation larger and revealed your splendor; you have extended all the borders of the land. 16 O Lord, in distress they looked for you; they uttered incantations because of your discipline.⁠ 17 As when a pregnant woman gets ready to deliver and strains and cries out because of her labor pains, so were we because of you, O Lord. 18 We were pregnant, we strained, we gave birth, as it were, to wind. We cannot produce deliverance on the earth; no people are born to populate the world. 19 Your dead will come back to life;⁠ your corpses will rise up. Wake up and shout joyfully, you who live in the dust!32⁠ For you will grow like plants drenched with the morning dew, and the earth will bring forth its dead spirits.⁠ 20 Go, my people! Enter your inner rooms! Close your doors behind you! Hide for a little while, until his angry judgment is over.⁠ 21 For look, the Lord is coming out of the place where he lives to punish the sin of those who live on the earth.⁠ The earth will display the blood shed on it; it will no longer cover up its slain.

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 26:14 and Psalm 88:11

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Isaiah 26 and Psalm 88 both refer to the “Rephaim,” a term that can mean the dead but also refer to a specific type of the dead, such as deified royal ancestors. Both emphasize that they do not rise or praise God, presenting death as their final state.

Passages

Isaiah 26:14

Hebrew Bible
13 O Lord, our God, masters other than you have ruled us, but we praise your name alone. 14 The dead do not come back to life, the spirits of the dead do not rise. That is because you came in judgment and destroyed them, you wiped out all memory of them. 15 You have made the nation larger, O Lord; you have made the nation larger and revealed your splendor; you have extended all the borders of the land. 16 O Lord, in distress they looked for you; they uttered incantations because of your discipline.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Psalm 88:11

Hebrew Bible
10 Do you accomplish amazing things for the dead? Do the departed spirits rise up and give you thanks? (Selah) 11 Is your loyal love proclaimed in the grave, or your faithfulness in the place of the dead? 12 Are your amazing deeds experienced in the dark region, or your deliverance in the land of oblivion? 13 As for me, I cry out to you, O Lord; in the morning my prayer confronts you. 14 O Lord, why do you reject me, and hide your face from me?23
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

"... In many biblical texts, the term rephaim also refers to the dead. In Isaiah 14:9 the term is used in parallel with the kings of the nations. The association with kings seems natural in light of the Ugaritic term rpum, which refers to deified royal ancestors. In particular, in Isaiah 14:9 it is said that the rephaim will be roused from their graves. On the other hand, Isaiah 26:14-19 emphasizes that the rephaim do not live and can never rise, and Psalm 88:11 asks ironically whether the rephaim can rise to praise God in the land of oblivion. In contrast to these, Isaiah 14:9 begins to look like Night of the Living Dead. In Job 26:5, oddly, the rephaim seem to live underwater, and tremble beneath the water. Proverbs 2:18 warns of the woman whose house sinks down to death and her course to the rephaim; Proverbs 9:18 and 21:16 warn that men who stray will dwell with the rephaim. They are the company of the dead trembling in their graves, who cannot rise from the land of oblivion, or the ghosts who will indeed rise ..."
Esther J. Hamori, When Gods Were Men: The Embodied God in Biblical and Near Eastern Literature (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2008), 123–124.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 26:14 and Psalm 88:11

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