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Hosea

About this book
Chapter 9

1 O Israel, do not rejoice jubilantly like the nations, for you are unfaithful to your God. You love to receive a prostitute’s wages on all the floors where you thresh your grain. 2 Threshing floors and wine vats will not feed the people, and new wine only deceives them. 3 They will not remain in the Lord’s land. Ephraim will return to Egypt; they will eat ritually unclean food in Assyria.⁠ 4 They will not pour out drink offerings of wine to the Lord; they will not please him with their sacrifices. Their sacrifices will be like bread eaten while in mourning; all those who eat them will make themselves ritually unclean. For their bread will be only to satisfy their appetite; it will not come into the temple of the Lord. 5 So what will you do on the festival day, on the festival days of the Lord? 6 Look! Even if they flee from the destruction, Egypt will take hold of them, and Memphis will bury them. The weeds will inherit the silver they treasure—thornbushes will occupy their homes. 7 The time of judgment is about to arrive! The time of retribution is imminent! Israel will be humbled! The prophet is considered a fool—the inspired man is viewed as a madman—because of the multitude of your sins and your intense animosity. 8 The prophet is a watchman over Ephraim on behalf of God, yet traps are laid for him along all his paths; animosity rages against him in the land of his God. 9 They have sunk deep into corruption as in the days of Gibeah. He will remember their wrongdoing. He will repay them for their sins. 10 When I found Israel, it was like finding grapes in the wilderness.⁠ I viewed your ancestors like an early fig on a fig tree in its first season.⁠ Then they came to Baal Peor, and they dedicated themselves to shame—they⁠ became as detestable as what they loved. 11 Ephraim will be like a bird; what they value will fly away. They will not bear children—they will not enjoy pregnancy—they will not even conceive! 12 Even if they raise their children, I will take away every last one of them. Woe to them! For I will turn away from them. 13 Ephraim, as I have seen, has given their children for prey; Ephraim will bear his sons for slaughter. 14 Give them, O Lord—what will you give them? Give them wombs that miscarry, and breasts that cannot nurse! 15 Because of all their evil in Gilgal, I hate them there. On account of their evil deeds, I will drive them out of my land. I will no longer love them; all their rulers are rebels. 16 Ephraim will be struck down—their root will be dried up; they will not yield any fruit. Even if they do bear children, I will kill their precious offspring. 17 My God will reject them, for they have not obeyed him; so they will be fugitives among the nations.

Texts in conversation

Compare Ezekiel 4:13 and Hosea 9:3

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Ezekiel depicts the details of the exile through the image of bread baked over human excrement, showing that food outside the land would be ritually impure. Hosea similarly declares that in exile in Assyria the people will also eat unclean bread.

Passages

Ezekiel 4:13

Hebrew Bible
11 And you must drink water by measure, a pint and a half; you must drink it at fixed times. 12 And you must eat the food as you would a barley cake. You must bake it in front of them over a fire made with dried human excrement.” 13 And the Lord said, “This is how the people of Israel will eat their unclean food among the nations where I will banish them.” 14 And I said, “Ah, Sovereign Lord, I have never been ceremonially defiled before. I have never eaten a carcass or an animal torn by wild beasts; from my youth up, unclean meat has never entered my mouth.” 15 So he said to me, “All right then, I will substitute cow’s manure instead of human excrement. You will cook your food over it.”
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ezekiel

Hosea 9:3

Hebrew Bible
1 O Israel, do not rejoice jubilantly like the nations, for you are unfaithful to your God. You love to receive a prostitute’s wages on all the floors where you thresh your grain. 2 Threshing floors and wine vats will not feed the people, and new wine only deceives them. 3 They will not remain in the Lord’s land. Ephraim will return to Egypt; they will eat ritually unclean food in Assyria. 4 They will not pour out drink offerings of wine to the Lord; they will not please him with their sacrifices. Their sacrifices will be like bread eaten while in mourning; all those who eat them will make themselves ritually unclean. For their bread will be only to satisfy their appetite; it will not come into the temple of the Lord. 5 So what will you do on the festival day, on the festival days of the Lord?
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hosea

References

"... the use of human excrement is irregular and defiling: compare Deuteronomy 23:15 on the desecration of the army camp by unsanitary conditions. 'In their sight': The people must see how it is baked on excrement to realize that it is unclean ... 'unclean': Lands outside the land of Israel were 'unclean' (compare Joshua 22:19; Amos 7:17), probably on account of the idolatrous practices that went on in them (compare Ezekiel 36:18). Exiles were therefore necessarily in a state of uncleanness, and the food they prepared and ate, unclean comparable to 'the bread of mourners' (Hosea 9:3; compare Deuteronomy 26:14) ..."
Moshe Greenberg, Ezekiel 1–20: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, AB 22 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1983), 107.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Ezekiel 4:13 and Hosea 9:3

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