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Ezekiel

About this book
Chapter 4

1 “And you, son of man, take a brick and set it in front of you. Inscribe a city on it—Jerusalem. 2 Lay siege to it! Build siege works against it. Erect a siege ramp against it! Post soldiers outside it and station battering rams around it. 3 Then for your part take an iron frying pan and set it up as an iron wall between you and the city. Set your face toward it. It is to be under siege; you are to besiege it. This is a sign for the house of Israel. 4 “Also for your part lie on your left side and place the iniquity of the house of Israel on it. For the number of days you lie on your side you will bear their iniquity. 5 I have determined that the number of the years of their iniquity are to be the number of days for you—390 days. So bear the iniquity of the house of Israel. 6 “When you have completed these days, then lie down a second time, but on your right side, and bear the iniquity of the house of Judah 40 days—I have assigned one day for each year. 7 You must turn your face toward the siege of Jerusalem with your arm bared and prophesy against it. 8 Look here: I will tie you up with ropes, so you cannot turn from one side to the other until you complete the days of your siege. 9 “As for you, take wheat, barley, beans, lentils, millet, and spelt, put them in a single container, and make food from them for yourself. For the same number of days that you lie on your side—390 days—you will eat it. 10 The food you eat will be eight ounces a day by weight; you must eat it at fixed times. 11 And you must drink water by measure, a pint and a half; you must drink it at fixed times. 12 And you must eat the food as you would a barley cake. You must bake it in front of them over a fire made with dried human excrement.” 13 And the Lord said, “This is how the people of Israel will eat their unclean food among the nations where I will banish them.”⁠ 14 And I said, “Ah, Sovereign Lord, I have never been ceremonially defiled before. I have never eaten a carcass or an animal torn by wild beasts; from my youth up, unclean meat has never entered my mouth.”⁠ 15 So he said to me, “All right then, I will substitute cow’s manure instead of human excrement. You will cook your food over it.” 16 Then he said to me, “Son of man, I am about to remove the bread supply in Jerusalem. They will eat their bread ration anxiously, and they will drink their water ration in terror 17 because they will lack bread and water. Each one will be terrified, and they will rot for their iniquity.

Texts in conversation

Compare Ezekiel 4:13 and Hosea 9:3

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Ezekiel depicts the details of the exile through the image of bread baked over human excrement, showing that food outside the land would be ritually impure. Hosea similarly declares that in exile in Assyria the people will also eat unclean bread.

Passages

Ezekiel 4:13

Hebrew Bible
11 And you must drink water by measure, a pint and a half; you must drink it at fixed times. 12 And you must eat the food as you would a barley cake. You must bake it in front of them over a fire made with dried human excrement.” 13 And the Lord said, “This is how the people of Israel will eat their unclean food among the nations where I will banish them.” 14 And I said, “Ah, Sovereign Lord, I have never been ceremonially defiled before. I have never eaten a carcass or an animal torn by wild beasts; from my youth up, unclean meat has never entered my mouth.” 15 So he said to me, “All right then, I will substitute cow’s manure instead of human excrement. You will cook your food over it.”
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ezekiel

Hosea 9:3

Hebrew Bible
1 O Israel, do not rejoice jubilantly like the nations, for you are unfaithful to your God. You love to receive a prostitute’s wages on all the floors where you thresh your grain. 2 Threshing floors and wine vats will not feed the people, and new wine only deceives them. 3 They will not remain in the Lord’s land. Ephraim will return to Egypt; they will eat ritually unclean food in Assyria. 4 They will not pour out drink offerings of wine to the Lord; they will not please him with their sacrifices. Their sacrifices will be like bread eaten while in mourning; all those who eat them will make themselves ritually unclean. For their bread will be only to satisfy their appetite; it will not come into the temple of the Lord. 5 So what will you do on the festival day, on the festival days of the Lord?
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hosea

References

"... the use of human excrement is irregular and defiling: compare Deuteronomy 23:15 on the desecration of the army camp by unsanitary conditions. 'In their sight': The people must see how it is baked on excrement to realize that it is unclean ... 'unclean': Lands outside the land of Israel were 'unclean' (compare Joshua 22:19; Amos 7:17), probably on account of the idolatrous practices that went on in them (compare Ezekiel 36:18). Exiles were therefore necessarily in a state of uncleanness, and the food they prepared and ate, unclean comparable to 'the bread of mourners' (Hosea 9:3; compare Deuteronomy 26:14) ..."
Moshe Greenberg, Ezekiel 1–20: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, AB 22 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1983), 107.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Ezekiel 4:13 and Hosea 9:3

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