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Haggai

About this book
Chapter 2

1 On the twenty-first day of the seventh month, the Lord’s message came through the prophet Haggai again: 2 “Ask the following questions to Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, governor of Judah, the high priest Joshua son of Jehozadak, and the remnant of the people: 3 ‘Who among you survivors saw the former splendor of this temple? How does it look to you now? Isn’t it nothing by comparison?’ 4 Even so, take heart, Zerubbabel,” decrees the Lord. “Take heart, Joshua son of Jehozadak, the high priest. And take heart all you citizens of the land,” decrees the Lord, “and begin to work. For I am with you,”⁠ decrees the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. 5 “Do not fear, because I made a promise to your ancestors when they left Egypt,⁠ and my Spirit even now testifies to you.” 6 Moreover, this is what the Lord of Heaven’s Armies has said: “In just a little while I will once again shake the sky and the earth, the sea and the dry ground.⁠ 7 I will also shake up all the nations, and they will offer their treasures; then I will fill this temple with glory.”⁠ So the Lord of Heaven’s Armies has said. 8 “The silver and gold will be mine,” decrees the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. 9 “The future splendor of this temple will be greater than that of former times,” the Lord of Heaven’s Armies has declared. “And in this place I will give peace,” decrees the Lord of Heaven’s Armies.⁠ 10 On the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month of Darius’ second year, the Lord’s message came to the prophet Haggai: 11 “This is what the Lord of Heaven’s Armies has said, ‘Ask the priests about the law.⁠ 12 If someone carries holy meat in a fold of his garment and that fold touches bread, a boiled dish, wine, olive oil, or any other food, will that item become holy?’” The priests answered, “It will not.”⁠ 13 Then Haggai asked, “If a person who is ritually unclean because of touching a dead body comes in contact with one of these items, will it become unclean?” The priests answered, “It will be unclean.” 14 Then Haggai responded, “‘The people of this nation are unclean in my sight,’ decrees the Lord. ‘And so is all their effort; everything they offer is also unclean.⁠ 15 Now therefore reflect carefully on the recent past, before one stone was laid on another in the Lord’s temple. 16 From that time when one came expecting a heap of 20 measures, there were only 10; when one came to the wine vat to draw out 50 measures from it, there were only 20. 17 I struck all the products of your labor with blight, disease, and hail,⁠ and yet you brought nothing to me,’⁠ says the Lord. 18 ‘Think carefully about the past: from today, the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month, to the day work on the temple of the Lord was resumed, think about it. 19 The seed is still in the storehouse, isn’t it? And the vine, fig tree, pomegranate, and olive tree have not produced.⁠ Nevertheless, from today on I will bless you.’” 20 Then the Lord spoke to Haggai a second time on the twenty-fourth day of the month: 21 “Tell Zerubbabel governor of Judah: ‘I am ready to shake the sky and the earth. 22 I will overthrow royal thrones and shatter the might of earthly kingdoms. I will overthrow chariots and those who ride them, and horses and their riders will fall as people kill one another.⁠ 23 On that day,’ says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, ‘I will take you, Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, my servant,’ says the Lord, ‘and I will make you like a signet ring, for I have chosen you,’⁠ says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Jeremiah 22:24 and Haggai 2:23

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Jeremiah presents Jehoiachin as rejected, stating that even if he were a signet ring on God’s hand, he would be torn off and handed over to Babylon. Haggai later repeats this image but reverses it by describing Zerubbabel as chosen like a signet ring.

Passages

Jeremiah 22:24

Hebrew Bible
22 My judgment will carry off all your leaders like a storm wind! Your allies will go into captivity. Then you will certainly be disgraced and put to shame because of all the wickedness you have done. 23 You may feel as secure as a bird nesting in the cedars of Lebanon. But O how you will groan when the pains of judgment come on you. They will be like those of a woman giving birth to a baby.” 24 The Lord says, “As surely as I am the living God, you, Jeconiah, king of Judah, son of Jehoiakim, will not be a signet rign on my right hand.43 Indeed, I will take that right away from you. 25 I will hand you over to those who want to take your life and of whom you are afraid. I will hand you over to King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon and his Babylonian soldiers. 26 I will force you and your mother who gave you birth into exile. You will be exiled to a country where neither of you were born, and you will both die there.
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jeremiah

Haggai 2:23

Hebrew Bible
21 “Tell Zerubbabel governor of Judah: ‘I am ready to shake the sky and the earth. 22 I will overthrow royal thrones and shatter the might of earthly kingdoms. I will overthrow chariots and those who ride them, and horses and their riders will fall as people kill one another. 23 On that day,’ says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, ‘I will take you, Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, my servant,’ says the Lord, ‘and I will make you like a signet ring, for I have chosen you,’ says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies.”
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Haggai

References

"... Haggai 2:23 presents a promise to Zerubbabel, the governor of the Persian province Yehud and grandson of the former Judean king Jehoiachin. Remarkably, this promise given to a Davidian is significantly determined by motifs of the older royal theology. Like the former Davidic kings Zerubbabel is called YHWH’s servant (עבד), and like the former Davidic kings Zerubbabel is said to be chosen by YHWH (בחר). Even more remarkable is the promise to Zerubbabel that he will be like a signet ring (חותם). As commonly seen, this statement alludes to Jeremiah 22:24–25 saying to Jehoiachin, Zerubbabel’s grandfather, that even if he would be a signet ring on YHWH’s right hand, he would be torn off and given into the hands of Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon. Jeremiah 22:24–25 thus, through the image of the signet ring, announces the rejection of king Jehoiachin and, by doing so, announces nothing less than the end of the Davidic rule ..."
Jakob Wöhrle, “On the Way to Hierocracy: Secular and Priestly Rule in the Books of Haggai and Zechariah,” in Priests and Cults in the Book of the Twelve, ed. Lena-Sofia Tiemeyer, ANEM 14 (Atlanta: SBL, 2016), 173–189.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Jeremiah 22:24 and Haggai 2:23

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