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Habakkuk

About this book
Chapter 1

1 This is the oracle that the prophet Habakkuk saw: 2 How long, Lord, must I cry for help? But you do not listen! I call out to you, “Violence!” But you do not deliver!⁠ 3 Why do you force me to witness injustice? Why do you put up with wrongdoing? Destruction and violence confront me; conflict is present and one must endure strife. 4 For this reason the law lacks power, and justice is never carried out. Indeed, the wicked intimidate the innocent. For this reason justice is perverted. 5 “Look at the nations and pay attention!⁠ You will be shocked and amazed! For I will do something in your lifetime that you will not believe even though you are forewarned. 6 Look, I am about to empower the Babylonians,⁠ that ruthless and greedy nation. They sweep across the surface of the earth, seizing dwelling places that do not belong to them. 7 They are frightening and terrifying; they decide for themselves what is right. 8 Their horses are faster than leopards and more alert than wolves in the desert.⁠ Their horses gallop, their horses come a great distance; like eagles25 they swoop down quickly to devour their prey.⁠ 9 All of them intend to do violence; every face is determined. They take prisoners as easily as one scoops up sand. 10 They mock kings and laugh at rulers. They laugh at every fortified city; they build siege ramps and capture them. 11 They sweep by like the wind and pass on. But the one who considers himself a god will be held guilty.”⁠ 12 Lord, you have been active from ancient times; my sovereign God, we will not die35.⁠ Lord, you have made them your instrument of judgment. Protector, you have appointed them as your instrument of punishment. 13 You are too just to tolerate evil; you are unable to condone wrongdoing. So why do you put up with such treacherous people? Why do you say nothing when the wicked devour those more righteous than they are?⁠ 14 You made people like fish in the sea, like animals in the sea that have no ruler. 15 The Babylonian tyrant pulls them all up with a fishhook; he hauls them in with his throw net. When he catches them in his dragnet, he is very happy. 16 Because of his success he offers sacrifices to his throw net and burns incense to his dragnet; for because of them he has plenty of food and more than enough to eat. 17 Will he then continue to fill and empty his throw net? Will he always destroy nations and spare none?

Texts in conversation

Compare Habakkuk 1:6 and 1QpHab 2:12

Hebrew Bible · Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Interpretation

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Summary

In Habakkuk, God raises up the Babylonians to invade other nations. In 1QpHab, a Dead Sea Scrolls commentary, the invaders become the Kittim, the Romans, updating the prophecy to describe a new empire.

Passages

Habakkuk 1:6

Hebrew Bible
5 “Look at the nations and pay attention! You will be shocked and amazed! For I will do something in your lifetime that you will not believe even though you are forewarned. 6 Look, I am about to empower the Babylonians, that ruthless and greedy nation. They sweep across the surface of the earth, seizing dwelling places that do not belong to them. 7 They are frightening and terrifying; they decide for themselves what is right.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Habakkuk

1QpHab 2:12

Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Interpretation · Commentary on Habakkuk
10 all that is coming upon his people and [his congregation.] For behold, I am raising up 11 the Chaldeans, that bitter [and hasty] nation. 12 Its interpretation concerns the Kittim, [who are] swift and mighty 13 in battle, to destroy many. [And the land will be] under the dominion of 14 the Kittim. They will take possession of [many lands] and will not believe 15 in the statutes of God. [Who marches through the breadth of the earth to seize dwellings not]
175–100 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1QpHab

References

“... 1:6. God’s reply calls attention to “the Chaldeans,” who will be brought to address the issue of injustice. In the first century BCE the Qumran pesher commentary consistently replaces “Chaldeans” (kas´dim) with “Kittim” (kittîm), which refers to the Romans who are “quick and valiant in war, causing many to perish” (1QpHab ii 12–14). The pesher commentary shows that the Romans, the instrument of God’s judgment (1QpHab iii 4–6), were not there yet, but were expected to arrive shortly (cf. Ploeg 1957: 34). ...”
Richard Coggins and Jin H. Han, Six Minor Prophets Through the Centuries: Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, BBC 29 (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), 53.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Habakkuk 1:6 and 1QpHab 2:12

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