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1QpHab

Commentary on Habakkuk

About this book

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1 it were told. [The interpretation of the matter concerns] the traitors with the Man of 2 the Lie, for they did not [believe the words of] the Teacher of Righteousness from the mouth of 3 God. And it concerns the traitors [to the] new [covenant], for they did not 4 believe in the covenant of God, [and they profaned] his holy name. 5 And likewise, the interpretation of the matter [concerns the] traitors in the last 6 days. They are the ruthless ones [of the covenant], who will not believe 7 when they hear all that is coming upon the last generation from the mouth of 8 the priest in [whose heart] God put [understanding] to interpret all 9 the words of his servants the prophets, [by] whose hand God recounted 10 all that is coming upon his people and [his congregation.] For behold, I am raising up 11 the Chaldeans, that bitter [and hasty] nation. 12 Its interpretation concerns the Kittim,⁠ [who are] swift and mighty 13 in battle, to destroy many. [And the land will be] under the dominion of 14 the Kittim. They will take possession of [many lands] and will not believe 15 in the statutes of God. [Who marches through the breadth of the earth to seize dwellings not] 16 his own. [Its interpretation concerns the Kittim, who …] 17 […]

Texts in conversation

Compare Habakkuk 1:6 and 1QpHab 2:12

Hebrew Bible · Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Interpretation

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Summary

In Habakkuk, God raises up the Babylonians to invade other nations. In 1QpHab, a Dead Sea Scrolls commentary, the invaders become the Kittim, the Romans, updating the prophecy to describe a new empire.

Passages

Habakkuk 1:6

Hebrew Bible
5 “Look at the nations and pay attention! You will be shocked and amazed! For I will do something in your lifetime that you will not believe even though you are forewarned. 6 Look, I am about to empower the Babylonians, that ruthless and greedy nation. They sweep across the surface of the earth, seizing dwelling places that do not belong to them. 7 They are frightening and terrifying; they decide for themselves what is right.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Habakkuk

1QpHab 2:12

Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Interpretation · Commentary on Habakkuk
10 all that is coming upon his people and [his congregation.] For behold, I am raising up 11 the Chaldeans, that bitter [and hasty] nation. 12 Its interpretation concerns the Kittim, [who are] swift and mighty 13 in battle, to destroy many. [And the land will be] under the dominion of 14 the Kittim. They will take possession of [many lands] and will not believe 15 in the statutes of God. [Who marches through the breadth of the earth to seize dwellings not]
175–100 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1QpHab

References

“... 1:6. God’s reply calls attention to “the Chaldeans,” who will be brought to address the issue of injustice. In the first century BCE the Qumran pesher commentary consistently replaces “Chaldeans” (kas´dim) with “Kittim” (kittîm), which refers to the Romans who are “quick and valiant in war, causing many to perish” (1QpHab ii 12–14). The pesher commentary shows that the Romans, the instrument of God’s judgment (1QpHab iii 4–6), were not there yet, but were expected to arrive shortly (cf. Ploeg 1957: 34). ...”
Richard Coggins and Jin H. Han, Six Minor Prophets Through the Centuries: Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, BBC 29 (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), 53.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Habakkuk 1:6 and 1QpHab 2:12

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