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Gilgamesh and Aga

Bilgames and Akka

Translation: Andrew George, The Epic of Gilgamesh (Penguin Books, 2000), pp. 145–148.

The envoys of Akka, Enmebaragesi’s son,
came from Kish to Bilgames in Uruk.
Before his city’s elders Bilgames
laid the matter, seeking a solution:
‘“To empty the wells, to empty the wells of the land,
to empty the shallow wells of the land,
to empty the deep wells furnished with hoisting ropes:”
let us not submit to the house of Kish, let us wage war!’
The convened assembly of his city’s elders
gave answer to Bilgames:
‘“To empty the wells, to empty the wells of the land,
to empty the shallow wells of the land,
to empty the deep wells furnished with hoisting ropes:”
let us submit to the house of Kish, let us not wage war!’⁠
Bilgames, the lord of Kullab,
placing his trust in the goddess Inanna,
took no notice of what his city’s elders said.⁠
Before his city’s young men Bilgames
laid the matter a second time, seeking a solution:
‘“To empty the wells, to empty the wells of the land,
to empty the shallow wells of the land,
to empty the deep wells furnished with hoisting ropes:”
let us not submit to the house of Kish, let us wage war!’
The convened assembly of his city’s young men gave answer to Bilgames:
‘To stand on duty, to sit in attendance,
to escort the king’s son –
to hold a donkey by the hindquarters –
as they say, who is there has breath for that?
Let us not submit to the house of Kish, let us wage war!
Uruk, the smithy of the gods,
Eanna, house come down from heaven –
the great gods it was who gave them shape –
their great rampart, a cloudbank resting on the earth,
their lofty residence, founded by the god An:
they are given into your charge, you are their king and their warrior!
O crusher of heads, prince beloved of An,
when he arrives why be afraid?
That army is small and a rabble at the rear,
its men will not withstand us!’
Then Bilgames, the lord of Kullab,
his heart rejoiced in what his city’s young men said, his mood turned bright,
he spoke to his servant, Enkidu:
‘Now make ready the equipment and arms of battle,
let weapons of war return to your grasp!
Let them create terror and a dread aura,
so when he arrives fear of me overwhelms him,
so his good sense is confounded and his judgement undone!’
It was not five days, it was not ten days,
Enmebaragesi’s son Akka laid siege to Uruk,
and Uruk’s good sense was confounded.
Bilgames, the lord of Kullab,
addressed the city’s warriors:
‘O my warriors, whose eyes stare wide in alarm,
let one stout of heart volunteer, “I will go to Akka!”’
Birhurturra, his royal bodyguard,
did homage to his king:
‘My lord, I will go to Akka,
so his good sense is confounded and his judgement undone!’
Birhurturra went forth from the city gate.
As Birhurturra passed through the city gate,
in the city’s gateway he was taken captive,
they battered Birhurturra from head to toe.
He came into the presence of Akka,
he addressed Akka.
He had not finished speaking when the Steward of Uruk climbed up on the wall,
and raised his head on the rampart.
Akka caught sight of him,
and addressed Birhurturra:
‘Slave, is that man your king?’
‘That man is not my king!
Were that man my king,
were that his fearsome brow,
were those his bison eyes,
were that his beard of lapis lazuli,
were those his fingers fine,
would a myriad not fall, a myriad not rise,
would a myriad thereby not roll in the dust,
would all the nations thereby not be overwhelmed,
would the mouths of the land thereby not be filled with dust,
would he not cut down the horns of the boat,
would he not make Akka, king of Kish, a prisoner in the heart of his army?’
They hit him and they beat him,
they battered Birhurturra from head to toe.
After the Steward of Uruk, Bilgames climbed up on the wall,
(his) dread aura overwhelmed the old and the young of Kullab,
but [put] weapons of war in the hands of Uruk’s young men.
At the door of the city gate he (or they) stood in the roadway,
Enkidu went forth from the city gate.
Bilgames raised his head on the rampart.
Looking up, Akka caught sight of him:
‘Slave, is that man your king?’
‘That man is indeed my king!’
And it was just as he had said,
a myriad did fall, a myriad did rise,
a myriad did thereby roll in the dust,
all the nations were thereby overwhelmed,
the mouths of the land were thereby filled with dust,
he cut down the horns of the boat,
in the midst of his army he took prisoner Akka, king of Kish.
[The lord] of Uruk . . . that army.

Bilgames, the lord of Kullab,
addressed Akka:
‘O Akka, my lieutenant, Akka, my captain, O Akka, my commander, Akka, my general,
O Akka, my field marshal!
O Akka, you gave me breath, Akka, you gave me life,
O Akka, you took to your bosom a man on the run,⁠
O Akka, a runaway bird you sated with grain!’
Akka: ‘Uruk, the smithy of the Gods,
its great rampart, a cloudbank resting on the earth,
its lofty residence, founded by the god An,
are given into your charge: [repay me] my favour!’
Bilgames: ‘Before the Sun God I hereby repay you the favour of old!’
He let Akka go free to Kish.
O Bilgames, lord of Kullab,
sweet is your praise!

Texts in conversation

Compare Gilgamesh and Aga 105 and Numbers 11:12

Ancient Near East, Sumerian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

The Sumerian Bilgames and Akka describes a king’s protection like holding a refugee in his bosom. Numbers 11 uses the same image of carrying a child to express Moses’ frustration with the burden of caring for Israel.

Passages

Gilgamesh and Aga 105

Ancient Near East, Sumerian · Bilgames and Akka
Bilgames, the lord of Kullab, addressed Akka: ‘O Akka, my lieutenant, Akka, my captain, O Akka, my commander, Akka, my general, O Akka, my field marshal! O Akka, you gave me breath, Akka, you gave me life, O Akka, you took to your bosom a man on the run, O Akka, a runaway bird you sated with grain!’ Akka: ‘Uruk, the smithy of the Gods, its great rampart, a cloudbank resting on the earth, its lofty residence, founded by the god An, are given into your charge: [repay me] my favour!’ Bilgames: ‘Before the Sun God I hereby repay you the favour of old!’ He let Akka go free to Kish.
2100–1800 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Gilgamesh and Aga

Numbers 11:12

Hebrew Bible
10 Moses heard the people weeping throughout their families, everyone at the door of his tent; and when the anger of the Lord was kindled greatly, Moses was also displeased. 11 And Moses said to the Lord, “Why have you afflicted your servant? Why have I not found favor in your sight, that you lay the burden of this entire people on me? 12 Did I conceive this entire people? Did I give birth to them, that you should say to me, ‘Carry them in your arms, as a foster father bears a nursing child,’ to the land that you swore to their fathers? 13 From where shall I get meat to give to this entire people, for they cry to me, ‘Give us meat, that we may eat!’ 14 I am not able to bear this entire people alone, because it is too heavy for me! 15 But if you are going to deal with me like this, then kill me immediately. If I have found favor in your sight then do not let me see my trouble.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

References

“... Moses launches his most serious reproach against God since first appointed leader. He even dares to redefine the call by God as a punishment rather than an honor. He would like to disavow his responsibility for the people, an obligation that binds him to the people in the same way that a nurse is bound to a child. The wet-nurse image angrily conjured up by Moses fittingly corresponds to the depiction, just moments before, of the insatiable appetite and ravenous hunger of the people. Such appetites demand the feeding that Moses wants to withhold. He is simply not up to the task. ...”
Adriane Leveen, Memory and Tradition in the Book of Numbers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 89.
“... A dialogue between Gilgamesh and Akka reveals that in the past Gilgamesh received refuge and protection in Kish. Gilgamesh thus addresses Akka as his former superior and military commander (GA 102–103; Katz 1993, 44–45; ETCSL 1.8.1.1) and emotionally recognizes his indebtedness to Akka: “Akka, you have given me breath, Akka you have given me life, Akka, you took a refugee on the lap, Akka you have nourished the fleeing bird with grain” (GA 104–106; Katz 1993, 44–45; ETCSL 1.8.1.1). ...”
Dina Katz, “Compassion, Pity, and Empathy in Sumerian Sources,” in The Routledge Handbook of Emotions in the Ancient Near East, ed. Karen Sonik and Ulrike Steinert (Abingdon: Routledge, 2023), 748.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Gilgamesh and Aga 105 and Numbers 11:12

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