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Genesis

About this book

Jacob's Farewell to His Sons

Chapter 49

1 Jacob called for his sons and said, “Gather together so I can tell you what will happen to you in future days.⁠ 2 “Assemble and listen, you sons of Jacob; listen to Israel, your father. 3 Reuben, you are my firstborn, my might and the beginning of my strength, outstanding in dignity, outstanding in power. 4 You are destructive like water and will not excel, for you got on your father’s bed, then you defiled it—he got on my couch!⁠ 5 Simeon and Levi are brothers, weapons of violence are their knives!⁠ 6 O my soul, do not come into their council, do not be united to their assembly, my heart, for in their anger they have killed men, and for pleasure they have hamstrung oxen.⁠ 7 Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce,⁠ and their fury, for it was cruel. I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel! 8 Judah, your brothers will praise you. Your hand will be on the neck of your enemies,⁠ your father’s sons will bow down before you.⁠ 9 You are a lion’s cub, Judah, from the prey, my son, you have gone up. He crouches and lies down like a lion; like a lioness—who will rouse him?⁠ 10 The scepter will not depart from Judah,⁠ nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet,⁠ until he comes to whom it belongs; the nations will obey him.⁠ 11 Binding his foal to the vine, and his colt to the choicest vine,⁠ he will wash his garments in wine, his robes in the blood of grapes.⁠ 12 His eyes will be red from wine, and his teeth white from milk. 13 Zebulun will live by the haven of the sea and become a haven for ships; his border will extend to Sidon. 14 Issachar is a strong-boned donkey lying down between two saddlebags. 15 When he sees a good resting place, and the pleasant land, he will bend his shoulder to the burden and become a slave laborer. 16 Dan will judge his people as one of the tribes of Israel. 17 May Dan be a snake beside the road, a viper by the path, that bites the heels of the horse so that its rider falls backward. 18 I wait for your deliverance, O Lord. 19 Gad will be raided by marauding bands, but he will attack them at their heels. 20 Asher’s food will be rich, and he will provide delicacies to royalty. 21 Naphtali is a free running doe, he speaks delightful words. 22 Joseph is a fruitful bough, a fruitful bough near a spring whose branches climb over the wall. 23 The archers will attack him, they will shoot at him and oppose him. 24 But his bow will remain steady, and his hands will be skillful; because of the hands of the Powerful One of Jacob,⁠ because of the Shepherd, the Rock of Israel,⁠ 25 because of the God of your father, who will help you, because of the Sovereign God, who will bless you⁠ with blessings from the sky above, blessings from the deep that lies below,⁠ and blessings of the breasts and womb.⁠ 26 The blessings of your father are greater than the blessings of the eternal mountains or the desirable things of the age-old hills. They will be on the head of Joseph and on the brow of the prince of his brothers.⁠ 27 Benjamin is a ravenous wolf; in the morning devouring the prey, and in the evening dividing the plunder.” 28 These are the twelve tribes of Israel. This is what their father said to them when he blessed them. He gave each of them an appropriate blessing.

Jacob's Burial Instructions and Death

29 Then he instructed them, “I am about to go to my people. Bury me with my fathers in the cave in the field of Ephron the Hittite. 30 It is the cave in the field of Machpelah, near Mamre in the land of Canaan, which Abraham bought for a burial plot from Ephron the Hittite. 31 There they buried Abraham and his wife Sarah; there they buried Isaac and his wife Rebekah;⁠ and there I buried Leah. 32 The field and the cave in it were acquired from the sons of Heth.” 33 When Jacob finished giving these instructions to his sons, he pulled his feet up onto the bed, breathed his last breath, and went to his people.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 49:7 and 4 Maccabees 2:19

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry

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Summary

In Genesis 49, Jacob curses the anger of his sons Simeon and Levi for killing men in their rage. 4 Maccabees quotes the curse as proof that reason can control anger, but aims the rebuke at the households of Simeon and Levi rather than the two brothers.

Passages

Genesis 49:7

Hebrew Bible
5 Simeon and Levi are brothers, weapons of violence are their knives! 6 O my soul, do not come into their council, do not be united to their assembly, my heart, for in their anger they have killed men, and for pleasure they have hamstrung oxen. 7 Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce, and their fury, for it was cruel. I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel!
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

4 Maccabees 2:19

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
18 For the self-controlled mind, as I said, is able to triumph over the emotions, changing some and making others powerless. 19 Why else did our most wise father Jacob blame Simeon and Levi for irrationally slaughtering the whole people of the Shechemites, saying, “Cursed be their anger”? 20 For if reasoning could not master anger, he would not have spoken this way.
19–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4 Maccabees

References

“... For his second example of the mastery of anger, the author refers briefly to the story found in Genesis 34, specifically the violent manner in which Levi and Simeon defend the honor of their family against Shechem’s sexual violation of their sister Dinah. In their minds, this affront to the family’s honor was not an occasion for civil negotiation, such as Jacob pursued with the family of Shechem, but for aggressive action on the part of Jacob’s family by means of which they would reassert their family’s honor. The author quotes not Jacob’s response to his sons’ action in Gen 34:30, but rather his deathbed pronouncement against their action in Gen 49:7. The recitation in 4 Macc 2:19 corresponds verbatim with the text of Gen 49:7 as it has come down to us in the major LXX manuscripts. The point of this example is that, since Jacob held them responsible for their actions committed in anger and even cursed their submission to this passion, it must have been possible for them to have restrained their anger (2:20). There is a noteworthy conflict within Jewish tradition concerning the memory of Levi and Simeon. Judith and Testament of Levi remember them as heroes specifically on account of their defense of the honor and purity of Israel’s family lines. [...] The author of 4 Maccabees, however, following Genesis 49, presents them as volatile renegades, acting against their father’s more prudent and judicious wishes for the situation. They have given way to the passion of anger, whereas the “all-wise Jacob” had found a rational and advantageous solution to the situation that presented itself in the wake of Shechem’s unbridled passion. Simeon and Levi had acted like Gentiles who did not know the law, rather than as Jewish philosophers (among whom Jacob, perhaps rather unexpectedly, takes his place both here and in Philo). The author’s sensitivity concerning these two patriarchs, however, leads him not to write that Jacob singled them out for censure, but rather censured their whole company (τoὺς περὶ Συμεωv καὶ Λευειv). ...”
David A. DeSilva, 4 Maccabees: Introduction and Commentary on the Greek Text in Codex Sinaiticus, SEPT (Leiden: Brill, 2006), 101–102.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 49:7 and 4 Maccabees 2:19

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