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Genesis

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Jacob's Farewell to His Sons

Chapter 49

1 Jacob called for his sons and said, “Gather together so I can tell you what will happen to you in future days.⁠ 2 “Assemble and listen, you sons of Jacob; listen to Israel, your father. 3 Reuben, you are my firstborn, my might and the beginning of my strength, outstanding in dignity, outstanding in power. 4 You are destructive like water and will not excel, for you got on your father’s bed, then you defiled it—he got on my couch!⁠ 5 Simeon and Levi are brothers, weapons of violence are their knives!⁠ 6 O my soul, do not come into their council, do not be united to their assembly, my heart, for in their anger they have killed men, and for pleasure they have hamstrung oxen.⁠ 7 Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce,⁠ and their fury, for it was cruel. I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel! 8 Judah, your brothers will praise you. Your hand will be on the neck of your enemies,⁠ your father’s sons will bow down before you.⁠ 9 You are a lion’s cub, Judah, from the prey, my son, you have gone up. He crouches and lies down like a lion; like a lioness—who will rouse him?⁠ 10 The scepter will not depart from Judah,⁠ nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet,⁠ until he comes to whom it belongs; the nations will obey him.⁠ 11 Binding his foal to the vine, and his colt to the choicest vine,⁠ he will wash his garments in wine, his robes in the blood of grapes.⁠ 12 His eyes will be red from wine, and his teeth white from milk. 13 Zebulun will live by the haven of the sea and become a haven for ships; his border will extend to Sidon. 14 Issachar is a strong-boned donkey lying down between two saddlebags. 15 When he sees a good resting place, and the pleasant land, he will bend his shoulder to the burden and become a slave laborer. 16 Dan will judge his people as one of the tribes of Israel. 17 May Dan be a snake beside the road, a viper by the path, that bites the heels of the horse so that its rider falls backward. 18 I wait for your deliverance, O Lord. 19 Gad will be raided by marauding bands, but he will attack them at their heels. 20 Asher’s food will be rich, and he will provide delicacies to royalty. 21 Naphtali is a free running doe, he speaks delightful words. 22 Joseph is a fruitful bough, a fruitful bough near a spring whose branches climb over the wall. 23 The archers will attack him, they will shoot at him and oppose him. 24 But his bow will remain steady, and his hands will be skillful; because of the hands of the Powerful One of Jacob,⁠ because of the Shepherd, the Rock of Israel,⁠ 25 because of the God of your father, who will help you, because of the Sovereign God, who will bless you⁠ with blessings from the sky above, blessings from the deep that lies below,⁠ and blessings of the breasts and womb.⁠ 26 The blessings of your father are greater than the blessings of the eternal mountains or the desirable things of the age-old hills. They will be on the head of Joseph and on the brow of the prince of his brothers.⁠ 27 Benjamin is a ravenous wolf; in the morning devouring the prey, and in the evening dividing the plunder.” 28 These are the twelve tribes of Israel. This is what their father said to them when he blessed them. He gave each of them an appropriate blessing.

Jacob's Burial Instructions and Death

29 Then he instructed them, “I am about to go to my people. Bury me with my fathers in the cave in the field of Ephron the Hittite. 30 It is the cave in the field of Machpelah, near Mamre in the land of Canaan, which Abraham bought for a burial plot from Ephron the Hittite. 31 There they buried Abraham and his wife Sarah; there they buried Isaac and his wife Rebekah;⁠ and there I buried Leah. 32 The field and the cave in it were acquired from the sons of Heth.” 33 When Jacob finished giving these instructions to his sons, he pulled his feet up onto the bed, breathed his last breath, and went to his people.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 49:24 and Isaiah 49:26

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Isaiah 49 echoes the language of Genesis 49 by referring to the “Mighty One of Jacob,” a phrase that originally referred to the image of a bull, a title used for the high god El in Canaanite tradition.

Passages

Genesis 49:24

Hebrew Bible
23 The archers will attack him, they will shoot at him and oppose him. 24 But his bow will remain steady, and his hands will be skillful; because of the hands of the Powerful One of Jacob, because of the Shepherd, the Rock of Israel, 25 because of the God of your father, who will help you, because of the Sovereign God, who will bless you with blessings from the sky above, blessings from the deep that lies below, and blessings of the breasts and womb.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Isaiah 49:26

Hebrew Bible
25 Indeed,” says the Lord, “ captives will be taken from a warrior; spoils will be rescued from a conqueror. I will oppose your adversary and I will rescue your children. 26 I will make your oppressors eat their own flesh; they will get drunk on their own blood, as if it were wine. Then all humankind will recognize that I am the Lord, your Deliverer, your Protector, the Powerful One of Jacob.”
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

References

"... It makes more sense to take the first word as the name of the deity and translate these two verses as “El, the God of Israel” and “El, the God of your father,” in which case these two verses indicate that El was the original name of the deity worshiped by the group(s) who preserved these stories. This is reinforced by an allusion to El in Genesis 49:24. The second line refers to blessings from what is usually translated as “the Mighty One of Jacob,” but the Hebrew word translated as “Mighty One” contains the exact consonants as the word for “bull.” “The Bull” was another title for El in the Ugarit texts, and since early Hebrew wrote only the consonants, either “mighty one” or “bull” is a possible translation since they look the same without the vowels. However, the cluster of El titles in the next verse supports taking it as bull: Genesis 49:25 speaks of “blessings by El, your father” (not “God of your father”; see “the blessings of your father,” verse 26) and by Shaddai. Moreover, “the blessings of the breasts and of the womb” (verse 25) allude to the fertility associations of Asherah, El’s wife, yet more evidence of an Ugarit background to this passage. In sum, the chief Canaanite god is present in a number of biblical texts dealing with the patriarchs and matriarchs. Eventually, as El and Yahweh came to be seen as a single deity, Yahweh in turn became equated with these early texts. For instance, in Exodus 3:6 he says that Moses’ ancestors knew him as “the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob,” and Exodus 6:3 states that they knew him as El Shaddai. Similarly, all other instances explicitly identify “the bull of Jacob” as Yahweh (see Isaiah 49:26; 60:16; Psalm 132:2, 5; and “the bull of Israel,” Isaiah 1:24) ..."
John L. McLaughlin, The Ancient Near East: An Essential Guide (Nashville: Abingdon, 2012), 111.
"... God is described in the Hebrew Bible by a word which can be translated as a bull. For example, in Genesis 49:24 God is described as the אֲבִיר יַעֲקֹב mighty one of Jacob, and this expression is repeated in Isaiah 49:26; 60:16 and Psalm 132:2,5 (Isaiah 1:24 uses the similar phrase the mighty one of Israel). This word אַבִּיר mighty one is translated as “bull” in places such as Isaiah 10:3; 34:7; Psalm 22:2; 50:13 and the idea of God’s bull-like strength as the protector of Jacob/Israel may have been behind this phrase which could be translated as “the Bull of Israel” ..."
Stephen D. Cook, Heroes and Villains: The Villainising of Jeroboam (Mikra: Biblical Studies, 2021), 1–4.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 49:24 and Isaiah 49:26

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