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Genesis

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Judah and Tamar

Chapter 38

1 At that time Judah left his brothers and stayed with an Adullamite man named Hirah. 2 There Judah saw the daughter of a Canaanite man named Shua. Judah acquired her as a wife and slept with her. 3 She became pregnant and had a son. Judah named him Er. 4 She became pregnant again and had another son, whom she named Onan. 5 Then she had yet another son, whom she named Shelah. She gave birth to him in Kezib. 6 Judah acquired a wife for Er his firstborn; her name was Tamar.⁠ 7 But Er, Judah’s firstborn, was evil in the Lord’s sight, so the Lord killed him. 8 Then Judah said to Onan, “Sleep with your brother’s wife and fulfill the duty of a brother-in-law to her so that you may raise up a descendant for your brother.” 9 But Onan knew that the child would not be considered his. So whenever he slept with his brother’s wife, he wasted his emission on the ground so as not to give his brother a descendant. 10 What he did was evil in the Lord’s sight, so the Lord killed him too. 11 Then Judah said to his daughter-in-law Tamar, “Live as a widow in your father’s house until Shelah my son grows up.” For he thought, “I don’t want him to die like his brothers.” So Tamar went and lived in her father’s house. 12 After some time Judah’s wife, the daughter of Shua, died. After Judah was consoled, he left for Timnah to visit his sheepshearers,⁠ along with his friend Hirah the Adullamite. 13 Tamar was told, “Look, your father-in-law is going up to Timnah to shear his sheep.” 14 So she removed her widow’s clothes and covered herself with a veil. She wrapped herself and sat at the entrance to Enaim which is on the way to Timnah. (She did this because she saw that she had not been given to Shelah as a wife, even though he had now grown up.) 15 When Judah saw her, he thought she was a prostitute because she had covered her face. 16 He turned aside to her along the road and said, “Come, please, I want to sleep with you.” (He did not realize it was his daughter-in-law.) She asked, “What will you give me so that you may sleep with me?” 17 He replied, “I’ll send you a young goat from the flock.” She asked, “Will you give me a pledge until you send it?”⁠ 18 He said, “What pledge should I give you?” She replied, “Your seal, your cord, and the staff that’s in your hand.” So he gave them to her, then slept with her, and she became pregnant by him. 19 She left immediately, removed her veil, and put on her widow’s clothes. 20 Then Judah had his friend Hirah the Adullamite take a young goat to get back from the woman the items he had given in pledge, but Hirah could not find her. 21 He asked the men who were there, “Where is the cult prostitute who was at Enaim by the road?” But they replied, “There has been no cult prostitute here.” 22 So he returned to Judah and said, “I couldn’t find her. Moreover, the men of the place said, ‘There has been no cult prostitute here.’” 23 Judah said, “Let her keep the things for herself. Otherwise we will appear to be dishonest. I did indeed send this young goat, but you couldn’t find her.” 24 After three months Judah was told, “Your daughter-in-law Tamar has turned to prostitution, and as a result she has become pregnant.” Judah said, “Bring her out and let her be burned!”⁠ 25 While they were bringing her out, she sent word to her father-in-law: “I am pregnant by the man to whom these belong.” Then she said, “Recognize* the one to whom the seal, cord, and staff belong.”⁠ 26 Judah recognized them and said, “She is more upright than I am, because I wouldn’t give her to Shelah my son.” He was not physically intimate with her again. 27 When it was time for her to give birth, there were twins in her womb.⁠ 28 While she was giving birth, one child put out his hand, and the midwife took a scarlet thread and tied it on his hand, saying, “This one came out first.” 29 But then he drew back his hand, and his brother came out before him. She said, “How you have broken out of the womb!” So he was named Perez.⁠ 30 Afterward his brother came out—the one who had the scarlet thread on his hand—and he was named Zerah.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 38:24 and Leviticus 21:9 and Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 38:24

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In Genesis 38, Judah orders Tamar to be burned as punishment for prostitution, a penalty that Leviticus requires only for the daughter of a priest. The Aramaic translation in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan fixes this by saying Tamar was the daughter of a priest.

Passages

Genesis 38:24

Hebrew Bible
23 Judah said, “Let her keep the things for herself. Otherwise we will appear to be dishonest. I did indeed send this young goat, but you couldn’t find her.” 24 After three months Judah was told, “Your daughter-in-law Tamar has turned to prostitution, and as a result she has become pregnant.” Judah said, “Bring her out and let her be burned!” 25 While they were bringing her out, she sent word to her father-in-law: “I am pregnant by the man to whom these belong.” Then she said, “Recognize* the one to whom the seal, cord, and staff belong.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Leviticus 21:9

Hebrew Bible
8 You must sanctify him because he presents the food of your God. He must be holy to you because I, the Lord who sanctifies you all, am holy. 9 If a daughter of a priest profanes herself by engaging in prostitution, she is profaning her father. She must be burned to death. 10 “‘The high priest—who is greater than his brothers, and on whose head the anointing oil is poured, and who has been ordained to wear the priestly garments—must neither dishevel the hair of his head nor tear his garments.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 38:24

Targum
23 And Judah said, “Let her keep the pledges, lest we become a laughingstock; behold, I sent this kid but you did not find her.” 24 Now, after a period of three months it became known that she was pregnant; and Judah was told, as follows: “Your daughter-in-law Tamar has played the harlot; and moreover, behold, she is pregnant because of her harlotry.” And Judah said, “Is she not the daughter of a priest? Bring her out and let her be burned.”
300–1200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Jonathan Genesis

References

"... In the Pentateuch, burning occurs as a form of punishment three times. It occurs in the narrative of Judah and tamar: “about three months later Judah was told: ‘Tamar your daughter-in-law has committed fornication; and moreover, she is pregnant by fornication.’ and Judah said: ‘bring her out, and let her be burned’” (Genesis 38:24). In addition, it appears twice in Leviticus, in 21:9, concerning the law with respect to the daughter of a priest (“if the daughter of a priest profanes herself through fornication, she profanes her father; she shall be burned in fire”) and in 20:14, a prohibition against intercourse with a woman and her mother (“If a man takes a wife and her mother also, it is wickedness; they shall be burned with fire, both he and they, that there may be no wickedness among you”). The story of Genesis 38 seems to stand in contrast with Leviticus 21:9, unless one assumes that Tamar is the daughter of a priest. (This view is put forth in Genesis Rabbah 85:10 and Targum Pseudo-Jonathan 38:24) ..."
Jacques T. A. G. M. van Ruiten, Abraham in the Book of Jubilees: The Rewriting of Genesis 11:26–25:10 in the Book of Jubilees 11:14–23:8, JSJSup 161 (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 269.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 38:24 and Leviticus 21:9 and Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 38:24

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