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Genesis

About this book

Disobedience and Expulsion from the Garden

Chapter 3

1 Now the serpent was shrewder than any of the wild animals⁠ that the Lord God had made.⁠ He said to the woman,⁠ “Is it really true that God said, ‘You must not eat from any tree of the orchard’?”⁠ 2 The woman said to the serpent,⁠ “We may eat of the fruit from the trees of the orchard;⁠ 3 but concerning the fruit of the tree that is in the middle of the orchard God said, ‘You must not eat from it, and you must not touch it, or else you will die.’”⁠ 4 The serpent said to the woman, “Surely you will not die,⁠ 5 for God knows that when you eat from it your eyes will open and you will be like God,⁠ knowing good and evil.”⁠ 6 When the woman saw that the tree produced fruit that was good for food, was attractive to the eye,⁠ and was desirable for making one wise,⁠ she took some of its fruit and ate it.⁠ She also gave some of it to her husband who was with her,⁠ and he ate it. 7 Then the eyes of both of them opened, and they knew they were naked; so they sewed fig leaves together and made coverings for themselves.⁠ 8 Then the man and his wife heard the sound of the Lord God moving about in the orchard at the breezy time of the day,⁠ and they hid from the Lord God among the trees of the orchard. 9 But the Lord God called to the man and said to him, “Where are you?”⁠ 10 The man replied, “I heard you moving about in the orchard, and I was afraid because I was naked, so I hid.”⁠ 11 And the Lord God said, “Who told you that you were naked? Did you eat from the tree that I commanded you not to eat from?” 12 The man said, “The woman whom you gave me, she gave me some fruit from the tree and I ate it.”⁠ 13 So the Lord God said to the woman, “What is this you have done?” And the woman replied, “The serpent tricked me, and I ate.”⁠ 14 The Lord God said to the serpent, “Because you have done this, cursed are you above all the cattle and all the living creatures of the field!⁠ On your belly you will crawl⁠ and dust you will eat all the days of your life.⁠ 15 And I will put hostility between you and the woman and between your offspring and her offspring; he will strike your head, and you will strike his heel.”⁠ 16 To the woman he said, “I will greatly increase your labor pains;⁠ with pain you will give birth to children.⁠ You will want to control your husband, but he will dominate you.”⁠ 17 But to Adam he said, “Because you obeyed the voice of52 your wife and ate from the tree about which I commanded you,⁠ ‘You must not eat from it,’ the ground is cursed because of you;⁠ in painful toil you will eat of it all the days of your life.⁠ 18 It will produce thorns and thistles for you, but you will eat the grass of the field.⁠ 19 By the sweat of your brow you will eat bread until you return to the ground, for out of it you were taken; for you are dust, and to dust you will return.”⁠ 20 The man named his wife Eve,⁠ because she was the mother of all the living. 21 The Lord God made garments from skin⁠ for Adam and his wife, and clothed them.⁠ 22 And the Lord God said, “Now that the man has become like one of us, knowing good and evil,⁠ he must not be allowed to stretch out his hand and take also from the tree of life and eat, and live forever.”⁠ 23 So the Lord God expelled him from the orchard in Eden⁠ to cultivate the ground from which he had been taken. 24 When he drove the man out, he placed on the eastern side of the orchard in Eden angelic sentries who used the flame of a whirling sword⁠ to guard the way to the tree of life.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 3:19 and Samaritan Genesis 3:19

Hebrew Bible · Samaritan

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Summary

Genesis 3 says that humans return to dust, referring only to death. The Samaritan Pentateuch changes this to “your dust,” a subtle change that supported Samaritan belief in resurrection without having to appeal to any other Hebrew texts they rejected.

Passages

Genesis 3:19

Hebrew Bible
18 It will produce thorns and thistles for you, but you will eat the grass of the field. 19 By the sweat of your brow you will eat bread until you return to the ground, for out of it you were taken; for you are dust, and to dust you will return.” 20 The man named his wife Eve, because she was the mother of all the living.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Samaritan Genesis 3:19

Samaritan · Samaritan Penteteuch
18 It shall also produce thorns and thistles for you, and you shall eat the plants of the field. 19 By the sweat of your face you shall eat bread, until you return to the ground, for out of it you were taken; for you are dust, and you shall return to your dust.” 20 And the man called his wife’s name Eve, because she was the mother of all those who are alive.
130–120 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Samaritan Genesis

References

"... For our purposes, it is important to observe that the tradition of this verse in the oldest textual witnesses is not uniform ... Instead of 'and to dust you will return', the Samaritan Pentateuch has 'and to your dust you will return' a variant reading which was to play an important part in the Samaritan doctrine about the resurrection of the dead. Whether this variant reading was also known to the author (or authors) of the Qumran Hodayot is unclear. The adapted form in 1QH 10:12 and 12:31, which may suggest a Vorlage could be adduced as an argument in support of such familiarity. On the other hand, the author(s) used 'our' from the Masoretic Text (in its non-standardized form) in 1QH 10:3, 4 (compare 1QS 11:22). The LXX translators read 'you will return to the earth' ... Furthermore, it should be noted that they do not distinguish between 'ground' and 'dust', rendering both terms as 'earth' ..."
Harry Sysling, Teḥiyyat Ha-Metim: The Resurrection of the Dead in the Palestinian Targums of the Pentateuch and Parallel Traditions in Classical Rabbinic Literature (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1996), 68.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 3:19 and Samaritan Genesis 3:19

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