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Genesis

About this book

The Testing of Abraham

Chapter 22

1 Some time after these things God tested Abraham.⁠ He said to him, “Abraham!” “Here I am!” Abraham replied.⁠ 2 God said, “Take your⁠ son—your only son, whom you love, Isaac—and go to the land of Moriah!⁠ Offer him up there as a burnt offering⁠ on one of the mountains which I will indicate to you.”⁠ 3 Early in the morning Abraham got up and saddled his donkey. He took two of his young servants with him,⁠ along with his son Isaac. When he had cut the wood for the burnt offering, he started out for the place God had spoken to him about. 4 On the third day Abraham caught sight of the place in the distance. 5 So he said to his servants, “You two stay here with the donkey while the boy and I go up there. We will worship and then return to you.”⁠ 6 Abraham took the wood for the burnt offering and put it on his son Isaac. Then he took the fire and the knife in his hand, and the two of them walked on together. 7 Isaac said to his father Abraham, “My father?” “What is it, my son?” he replied. “Here is the fire and the wood,” Isaac said, “but where is the lamb for the burnt offering?”⁠ 8 “God will provide for himself the lamb for the burnt offering, my son,” Abraham replied. The two of them continued on together. 9 When they came to the place God had told him about, Abraham built the altar there and arranged the wood on it. Next he tied up his son Isaac and placed him on the altar on top of the wood.⁠ 10 Then Abraham reached out his hand, took the knife,⁠ and prepared to slaughter his son.⁠ 11 But the angel of the Lord called to him from heaven, “Abraham! Abraham!” “Here I am!” he answered.⁠ 12 “Do not harm the boy!” the angel said. “Do not do anything to him, for now I know that you fear God⁠ because you did not withhold your son,⁠ your only son, from me.” 13 Abraham looked up and saw behind him a ram caught in the bushes by its horns.⁠ So he went over and got the ram and offered it up as a burnt offering instead of his son. 14 And Abraham called the name of that place “The Lord provides.” It is said to this day, “In the mountain of the Lord provision will be made.”⁠ 15 The angel of the Lord called to Abraham a second time from heaven 16 and said, “I solemnly swear by my own name, decrees the Lord, that because you have done this and have not withheld your son, your only son, 17 I will indeed bless you, and I will greatly multiply your descendants so that they will be as countless as the stars in the sky or the grains of sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the strongholds of their enemies. 18 Because you have obeyed me, all the nations of the earth will pronounce blessings on one another using the name of your descendants.” 19 Then Abraham returned to his servants, and they set out together for Beer Sheba where Abraham stayed.⁠

Nahor's Descendants

20 After these things Abraham was told, “Milcah also has borne children to your brother Nahor— 21 Uz the firstborn, his brother Buz, Kemuel (the father of Aram), 22 Kesed, Hazo, Pildash, Jidlaph, and Bethuel.” 23 (Now Bethuel became the father of Rebekah.) These were the eight sons Milcah bore to Abraham’s brother Nahor. 24 His concubine, whose name was Reumah, also bore him children—Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maacah.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 22:10 and 4 Maccabees 16:20

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry

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Summary

Genesis 22 describes Abraham taking his knife to kill his son Isaac on the altar. 4 Maccabees reshapes this moment as a model for martyrdom, adding the interpretation that Isaac saw the knife descending and was not afraid.

Passages

Genesis 22:10

Hebrew Bible
8 “God will provide for himself the lamb for the burnt offering, my son,” Abraham replied. The two of them continued on together. 9 When they came to the place God had told him about, Abraham built the altar there and arranged the wood on it. Next he tied up his son Isaac and placed him on the altar on top of the wood. 10 Then Abraham reached out his hand, took the knife, and prepared to slaughter his son. 11 But the angel of the Lord called to him from heaven, “Abraham! Abraham!” “Here I am!” he answered. 12 “Do not harm the boy!” the angel said. “Do not do anything to him, for now I know that you fear God because you did not withhold your son, your only son, from me.” 13 Abraham looked up and saw behind him a ram caught in the bushes by its horns. So he went over and got the ram and offered it up as a burnt offering instead of his son.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

4 Maccabees 16:20

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
17 For it would be shameful if this old man endured pain for the sake of piety while you young men were terrified by the tortures. 18 Remember that it is through God that you have had a share in the world and have enjoyed life, 19 and so you ought to endure every hardship for God’s sake. 20 For his sake our father Abraham hurried to sacrifice his son Isaac, the father of our nation, and when Isaac saw his father’s hand coming down on him with the sword, he did not flinch. 21 The righteous Daniel was thrown to the lions, and Hananiah, Azariah, and Mishael were hurled into the fiery furnace, and they endured for God’s sake.
19–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4 Maccabees

References

“… What could explain this layer of cultic resonances within the martyrological tradition in both 4 Maccabees and Paul that seems focused especially on Yom Kippur (especially in the case of 4 Maccabees) but extends beyond it to encompass cultic references per se (at least in Paul’s case), in a relatively fixed association, but without dominating the primary narrative? I know of only one explanation for these dynamics, although it is a plausible one: the underlying influence of the Jewish martyrological development of Genesis 22 that was later known as the Akedah, or “the binding of Isaac.” …”
Douglas A. Campbell, The Deliverance of God: An Apocalyptic Rereading of Justification in Paul (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009), 917–922.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 22:10 and 4 Maccabees 16:20

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