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4 Maccabees

About this book

The Mother's Reason Governs Her Grief

Chapter 16

1 If, then, a woman, an old woman and the mother of seven children, endured watching her children tortured to death, it must be acknowledged that religious reasoning is absolute master of the emotions. 2 So I have shown not only that men have mastered their emotions, but also that a woman despised the greatest tortures. 3 The lions around Daniel were not as savage, nor was the furnace of Mishael burning as fiercely, as the love for her children that burned within her as she watched her seven sons tortured in so many ways. 4 But by the reasoning of piety the mother put out emotions so many and so great. 5 For we must also consider this: if the woman had been fainthearted, even though she was their mother, she would have mourned over them, and perhaps would have spoken like this: 6 “How wretched I am, and how many times miserable! I gave birth to seven sons and am now the mother of none. 7 Seven pregnancies for nothing, seven useless ten-month waits, fruitless nursing, and miserable breastfeeding! 8 For nothing, my sons, did I endure so many birth pains for you and the harder worries of raising you. 9 My sons, some of you unmarried, and others married for nothing! I will never see your children, or be called grandmother and be counted happy. 10 I, who had many beautiful children, am a widow, alone, with so much to grieve! 11 And when I die, I will have no son to bury me.”

The Mother Encourages Her Sons

12 But the holy and God-fearing mother did not mourn any of them with such a lament, nor did she try to turn any of them away from death, nor did she grieve for them as they died. 13 Instead, as though she had a mind of steel and were giving birth to her full number of sons again into immortality, she pleaded with them and urged them on to death for the sake of piety. 14 Mother, soldier of God for the sake of piety, old woman, you defeated even a tyrant by your endurance, and were found stronger than a man in deeds and in words. 15 For when you were arrested with your children, you stood and watched Eleazar being tortured, and said to your children in the Hebrew language, 16 “My children, noble is the contest to which you are called to bear witness for the nation. Fight eagerly for the law of our ancestors. 17 For it would be shameful if this old man endured pain for the sake of piety while you young men were terrified by the tortures. 18 Remember that it is through God that you have had a share in the world and have enjoyed life, 19 and so you ought to endure every hardship for God’s sake. 20 For his sake our father Abraham hurried to sacrifice his son Isaac, the father of our nation, and when Isaac saw his father’s hand coming down on him with the sword, he did not flinch.⁠ 21 The righteous Daniel was thrown to the lions, and Hananiah, Azariah, and Mishael were hurled into the fiery furnace, and they endured for God’s sake. 22 So you too, who have the same faith in God, must not be dismayed. 23 For it would be unreasonable for those who know piety not to stand firm against suffering.” 24 With these words the mother of seven encouraged each of her sons and persuaded them to die rather than break the commandment of God. 25 They also knew that those who die for God live to God, as Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and all the patriarchs do.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 22:10 and 4 Maccabees 16:20

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry

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Summary

Genesis 22 describes Abraham taking his knife to kill his son Isaac on the altar. 4 Maccabees reshapes this moment as a model for martyrdom, adding the interpretation that Isaac saw the knife descending and was not afraid.

Passages

Genesis 22:10

Hebrew Bible
8 “God will provide for himself the lamb for the burnt offering, my son,” Abraham replied. The two of them continued on together. 9 When they came to the place God had told him about, Abraham built the altar there and arranged the wood on it. Next he tied up his son Isaac and placed him on the altar on top of the wood. 10 Then Abraham reached out his hand, took the knife, and prepared to slaughter his son. 11 But the angel of the Lord called to him from heaven, “Abraham! Abraham!” “Here I am!” he answered. 12 “Do not harm the boy!” the angel said. “Do not do anything to him, for now I know that you fear God because you did not withhold your son, your only son, from me.” 13 Abraham looked up and saw behind him a ram caught in the bushes by its horns. So he went over and got the ram and offered it up as a burnt offering instead of his son.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

4 Maccabees 16:20

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
17 For it would be shameful if this old man endured pain for the sake of piety while you young men were terrified by the tortures. 18 Remember that it is through God that you have had a share in the world and have enjoyed life, 19 and so you ought to endure every hardship for God’s sake. 20 For his sake our father Abraham hurried to sacrifice his son Isaac, the father of our nation, and when Isaac saw his father’s hand coming down on him with the sword, he did not flinch. 21 The righteous Daniel was thrown to the lions, and Hananiah, Azariah, and Mishael were hurled into the fiery furnace, and they endured for God’s sake.
19–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4 Maccabees

References

“… What could explain this layer of cultic resonances within the martyrological tradition in both 4 Maccabees and Paul that seems focused especially on Yom Kippur (especially in the case of 4 Maccabees) but extends beyond it to encompass cultic references per se (at least in Paul’s case), in a relatively fixed association, but without dominating the primary narrative? I know of only one explanation for these dynamics, although it is a plausible one: the underlying influence of the Jewish martyrological development of Genesis 22 that was later known as the Akedah, or “the binding of Isaac.” …”
Douglas A. Campbell, The Deliverance of God: An Apocalyptic Rereading of Justification in Paul (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009), 917–922.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 22:10 and 4 Maccabees 16:20

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