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Genesis

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The Tower of Babel

Chapter 11

1 The whole earth had a common language and a common vocabulary.⁠ 2 When the people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar⁠ and settled there. 3 Then they said to one another, “Come, let’s make bricks and bake them thoroughly.”⁠ (They had brick instead of stone and tar instead of mortar.)⁠ 4 Then they said, “Come, let’s build ourselves a city and a tower with its top in the heavens so that we may make a name for ourselves.⁠ Otherwise we will be scattered across the face of the entire earth.”⁠ 5 But the Lord came down to see the city and the tower that the people had started building. 6 And the Lord said, “If as one people all sharing a common language they have begun to do this, then nothing they plan to do will be beyond them.⁠ 7 Come, let’s go down and confuse their language so they won’t be able to understand each other.”⁠ 8 So the Lord scattered them from there across the face of the entire earth,⁠ and they stopped building the city. 9 That is why its name was called Babel—because there the Lord confused the language of the entire world,⁠ and from there the Lord scattered them across the face of the entire earth.

Shem's Descendants

10 This is the account of Shem. Shem was 100 years old when he became the father of Arphaxad, two years after the flood.⁠ 11 And after becoming the father of Arphaxad, Shem lived 500 years and had other sons and daughters.⁠ 12 When Arphaxad had lived 35 years,⁠ he became the father of Shelah.⁠ 13 And after he became the father of Shelah, Arphaxad lived 403 years and had other sons and daughters. 14 When Shelah had lived 30 years, he became the father of Eber. 15 And after he became the father of Eber, Shelah lived 403 years and had other sons and daughters. 16 When Eber had lived 34 years,⁠ he became the father of Peleg. 17 And after he became the father of Peleg, Eber lived 430 years and had other sons and daughters. 18 When Peleg had lived 30 years,⁠ he became the father of Reu. 19 And after he became the father of Reu, Peleg lived 209 years and had other sons and daughters. 20 When Reu had lived 32 years, he became the father of Serug. 21 And after he became the father of Serug, Reu lived 207 years and had other sons and daughters. 22 When Serug had lived 30 years, he became the father of Nahor. 23 And after he became the father of Nahor, Serug lived 200 years and had other sons and daughters. 24 When Nahor had lived 29 years,⁠ he became the father of Terah. 25 And after he became the father of Terah, Nahor lived 119 years and had other sons and daughters. 26 When Terah had lived 70 years, he became the father of Abram, Nahor, and Haran.

Terah's Family

27 This is the account of Terah. Terah became the father of Abram, Nahor, and Haran. And Haran became the father of Lot. 28 Haran died in the land of his birth, in Ur of the Chaldeans,⁠ while his father Terah was still alive.⁠ 29 And Abram and Nahor took wives for themselves. The name of Abram’s wife was Sarai. And the name of Nahor’s wife was Milcah; she was the daughter of Haran, who was the father of both Milcah and Iscah.⁠ 30 But Sarai was barren; she had no children. 31 Terah took his son Abram, his grandson Lot (the son of Haran), and his daughter-in-law Sarai, his son Abram’s wife, and with them he set out from Ur of the Chaldeans to go to Canaan.⁠ When they came to Haran, they settled there.⁠ 32 The lifetime of Terah was 205 years, and he died in Haran.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 11:4 and Deuteronomy 9:1

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Genesis 11 describes the tower of Babel with its top in heaven, language echoed in Deuteronomy 9 to describe the cities of Canaan that appeared impossible to conquer. Both texts use this language to depict the power of Israel's enemies.

Passages

Genesis 11:4

Hebrew Bible
2 When the people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and settled there. 3 Then they said to one another, “Come, let’s make bricks and bake them thoroughly.” (They had brick instead of stone and tar instead of mortar.) 4 Then they said, “Come, let’s build ourselves a city and a tower with its top in the heavens so that we may make a name for ourselves. Otherwise we will be scattered across the face of the entire earth.” 5 But the Lord came down to see the city and the tower that the people had started building. 6 And the Lord said, “If as one people all sharing a common language they have begun to do this, then nothing they plan to do will be beyond them.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Deuteronomy 9:1

Hebrew Bible
1 Listen, Israel: Today you are about to cross the Jordan so you can dispossess the nations there, people greater and stronger than you who live in large cities with walls that reach to the heavens.1 2 They include the Anakites, a numerous and tall people whom you know about and of whom it is said, “Who is able to resist the Anakites?” 3 Understand today that the Lord your God who goes before you is a devouring fire; he will defeat and subdue them before you. You will dispossess and destroy them quickly just as he has told you.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

References

"... The human project includes building a city and a tower that is the equivalent of a modern skyscraper. This is the second reference to city building, the first being 4:17. The word for tower is miḡdāl, which is related to the word “great” (gāḏôl), thus suggesting the Olympian nature of the building project. miḡdāl normally refers to a fortified tower or acropolis (Judges 8:9, 17; 9:46–52; Psalm 48:13; 61:4; Ezekiel 26:9). In Isaiah especially it is a symbol of strength and pride (Isaiah 2:15; 30:25; 33:18), and thus what it represents is abhorred by God (Isaiah 25:2–3). The impression created is that these builders are megalomaniacs. This impression is strengthened by the fact that the aspiration is to build a tower with its peak in the heavens. Had the writer wanted to say simply that the plan was to build a high tower he had at his disposal a number of words that would easily have conveyed that idea. Yet it is clear from other Old Testament passages that the expression “with its peak in the heavens” is figurative language to describe edifices of impressive and monumental proportions. The returning spies reported to Moses that the cities of the Canaanites “are great and fortified up to heaven” (Deuteronomy 1:28). Even God describes the cities Israel is to dispossess as “cities great and fortified up to heaven” (Deuteronomy 9:1). The oracle of Jeremiah against Babylon includes a passage strikingly similar to that in Genesis 11 - “Though Babylon should mount up to heaven, and though she should fortify her strong height, yet destroyers would come from me upon her, says the Lord” (Jeremiah 51:53). The text does not say how the erection of such an edifice would guarantee that they would make a name for themselves. If we take “name” to signify reputation, as our translation reflects, then the connection would be that the completion of such a titanic building would bring a certain fame and immortality to its builders ..."
Victor P. Hamilton, The Book of Genesis: Chapters 1-17 (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1990), 203.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 11:4 and Deuteronomy 9:1

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