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Galatians

About this book
Chapter 5

1 For freedom Christ has set us free. Stand firm, then, and do not be subject again to the yoke of slavery.⁠ 2 Listen! I, Paul, tell you that if you let yourselves be circumcised, Christ will be of no benefit to you at all! 3 And I testify again to every man who lets himself be circumcised that he is obligated to obey the whole law. 4 You who are trying to be declared righteous by the law have been alienated from Christ; you have fallen away from grace! 5 For through the Spirit, by faith, we wait expectantly for the hope of righteousness. 6 For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision nor uncircumcision carries any weight—the only thing that matters is faith working through love. 7 You were running well; who prevented you from obeying the truth?⁠ 8 This persuasion does not come from the one who calls you! 9 A little yeast makes the whole batch of dough rise! 10 I am confident in the Lord that you will accept no other view. But the one who is confusing you will pay the penalty, whoever he may be. 11 Now, brothers and sisters, if I am still preaching circumcision, why am I still being persecuted? In that case the offense of the cross has been removed.⁠ 12 I wish those agitators would go so far as to castrate themselves! 13 For you were called to freedom, brothers and sisters; only do not use your freedom as an opportunity to indulge your flesh, but through love serve one another. 14 For the whole law can be summed up in a single commandment, namely, “You must love your neighbor as yourself.” 15 However, if you continually bite and devour one another, beware that you are not consumed by one another. 16 But I say, live by the Spirit and you will not carry out the desires of the flesh. 17 For the flesh has desires that are opposed to the Spirit, and the Spirit has desires that are opposed to the flesh,⁠ for these are in opposition to each other, so that you cannot do what you want.⁠ 18 But if you are led by the Spirit, you are not under the law. 19 Now the works of the flesh are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity, depravity, 20 idolatry, sorcery, hostilities, strife, jealousy, outbursts of anger, selfish rivalries, dissensions, factions, 21 envying, murder, drunkenness, carousing, and similar things. I am warning you, as I had warned you before: Those who practice such things will not inherit the kingdom of God! 22 But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness,⁠ 23 gentleness, and self-control. Against such things there is no law. 24 Now those who belong to Christ have crucified the flesh with its passions and desires. 25 If we live by the Spirit, let us also behave in accordance with the Spirit. 26 Let us not become conceited, provoking one another, being jealous of one another.

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 32:15 and Galatians 5:22

Hebrew Bible · New Testament

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Summary

In Galatians, Paul teaches that the Spirit produces qualities described with fruit, using language of growth. This is based on Isaiah, which describes how barren land will become fertile once the Spirit is given, bringing justice, peace, and safety.

Passages

Isaiah 32:15

Hebrew Bible
12 Mourn over the field, over the delightful fields and the fruitful vine. 13 Mourn over the land of my people, which is overgrown with thorns and briers, and over all the once-happy houses in the city filled with revelry. 14 For the fortress is neglected; the once-crowded city is abandoned. Hill and watchtower are permanently uninhabited. Wild donkeys love to go there, and flocks graze there. 15 This desolation will continue until new life is poured out on us from heaven. Then the wilderness will become an orchard and the orchard will be considered a forest. 16 Justice will settle down in the wilderness and fairness will live in the orchard. 17 Fairness will produce peace and result in lasting security.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Galatians 5:22

New Testament
19 Now the works of the flesh are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity, depravity, 20 idolatry, sorcery, hostilities, strife, jealousy, outbursts of anger, selfish rivalries, dissensions, factions, 21 envying, murder, drunkenness, carousing, and similar things. I am warning you, as I had warned you before: Those who practice such things will not inherit the kingdom of God! 22 But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, 23 gentleness, and self-control. Against such things there is no law. 24 Now those who belong to Christ have crucified the flesh with its passions and desires. 25 If we live by the Spirit, let us also behave in accordance with the Spirit.
48–55 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Galatians

References

"... the overall weight of the cumulative arguments points to the plausibility or probability of Isaiah's being the Old Testament backdrop for best understanding Galatians 5:22 ... In contrast to the land's unfruitful condition (Isaiah 32:10-14), in the coming restoration, the Spirit will come upon Israel and create abundant Fertility (verse 15). However, this fertility appears to go beyond mere material abundance and includes spiritual fecundity: not only will the Spirit create literal plants, crops, and trees in the field but also the spirit will produce spiritual fruits in the fields: "justice will dwell in the wilderness, and righteousness will abide in the fertile field" (verse 16). The "task" and "work" (which is presumably viewed as being performed by God's Spirits in the "fertile field"; compare verse 16) resulting in "righteousness" will also produce "peace," "quietness," and "confidence" (verse 17). Thus, the traits mentioned in verses 17-18 appear to be additional by-products of the Spirit's cultivating work. Both the Septuagint and Masoretic text make these essential points. Likewise, other texts in the Septuagintal version of Isaiah make the same connection and sometimes exhibit an even closer or more explicit link between the eschatological pouring out of the Spirit and the figurative fruits of godly characteristics. The closest such parallel is Isaiah 57:15-19, which appears to be a development of 32:15-18, especially in the LXX ..."
G. K. Beale, “The Old Testament Background of Paul’s Reference to ‘the Fruit of the Spirit’ in Galatians 5:22,” BBR 15.1 (2005): 1–39.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 32:15 and Galatians 5:22

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