1 You foolish Galatians! Who has given you the evil eye?* Before your eyes Jesus Christ was vividly portrayed as crucified! 2 The only thing I want to learn from you is this: Did you receive the Spirit by doing the works of the law or by believing what you heard? 3 Are you so foolish? Although you began with the Spirit, are you now trying to finish by human effort? 4 Have you suffered so many things for nothing?—if indeed it was for nothing. 5 Does God then give you the Spirit and work miracles among you by your doing the works of the law or by your believing what you heard? 6 Just as Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness, 7 so then, understand that those who believe are the sons of Abraham. 8 And the scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, proclaimed the gospel to Abraham ahead of time, saying, “All the nations will be blessed in you.” 9 So then those who believe are blessed along with Abraham the believer. 10 For all who rely on doing the works of the law are under a curse because it is written, “Cursed is everyone who does not keep on doing everything written in the book of the law.” 11 Now it is clear no one is justified before God by the law because the righteous one will live by faith. 12 But the law is not based on faith, but the one who does the works of the law will live by them. 13 Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us (because it is written, “Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree”) 14 in order that in Christ Jesus the blessing of Abraham would come to the Gentiles, so that we could receive the promise of the Spirit by faith. 15 Brothers and sisters, I offer an example from everyday life: When a covenant has been ratified, even though it is only a human contract, no one can set it aside or add anything to it.16 Now the promises were spoken to Abraham and to his descendant. Scripture does not say, “and to the descendants,” referring to many, but “and to your descendant,” referring to one, who is Christ. 17 What I am saying is this: The law that came 430 years later does not cancel a covenant previously ratified by God, so as to invalidate the promise. 18 For if the inheritance is based on the law, it is no longer based on the promise, but God graciously gave it to Abraham through the promise. 19 Why then was the law given? It was added because of transgressions, until the arrival of the descendant to whom the promise had been made. It was administered through angels by an intermediary. 20 Now an intermediary is not for one party alone, but God is one. 21 Is the law therefore opposed to the promises of God? Absolutely not! For if a law had been given that was able to give life, then righteousness would certainly have come by the law. 22 But the scripture imprisoned everything under sin so that the promise could be given—because of the faithfulness of Jesus Christ—to those who believe. 23 Now before faith came we were held in custody under the law, being kept as prisoners until the coming faith would be revealed. 24 Thus the law had become our guardian until Christ, so that we could be declared righteous by faith. 25 But now that faith has come, we are no longer under a guardian. 26 For in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God through faith. 27 For all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. 28 There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female—for all of you are one in Christ Jesus. 29 And if you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s descendants, heirs according to the promise.
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Texts in conversation
Compare Galatians 3:28 and Gospel of Philip 6:33
New Testament · Nag Hammadi
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Summary
The Gospel of Philip echoes Galatians' list of Jew, Greek, slave, and free, setting these labels against the name Christian. The shared list turns Paul's teaching about unity in Jesus into a contrast between ordinary names and one that shakes the world.
Passages
Galatians 3:28
New Testament
23 Now before faith came we were held in custody under the law, being kept as prisoners until the coming faith would be revealed.24 Thus the law had become our guardian until Christ, so that we could be declared righteous by faith.25 But now that faith has come, we are no longer under a guardian.26 For in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God through faith.27 For all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ.28There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female—for all of you are one in Christ Jesus.29 And if you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s descendants, heirs according to the promise.
If a pearl is cast down into the mud, it will not be more despised, nor will it be (more) precious if anointed with balsam.It remains, on the contrary, ever valuable to its master.This is the way it is with the children of God: Wherever they are, they remain ever valuable to their Father.Should you say, “I am a Jew,” no one will be moved.Should you say, “I am a Roman,” no one will be distressed.Should you say, “I am a Greek,” “a barbarian,” “a slave,” [“a free,”] no one will be troubled.[Should] you [say], “I am a Christian,” the [world] will shake.
“... The initiated reader could see in 3:23-25 Paul’s declaration of the liberation of the elect—as ‘‘sons of God” (cf. 3:26) from the restraints and tutelege of the demiurge's law. One Valentinian teacher describes how those “baptized into God” (ef. 3:27) in the name of the Father, Son, and holy spirit, are “reborn” and “become higher than all the other powers.” ** Apparently referring to 3:27, the author of the Gospel of Philip says that “the living water is a body. It is fitting that we put on the living man. Because of this. when he is about to go down to the water he unclothes himself, so that he may put on this one.”’** Rheginos’ teacher adds that those who have died and been raised with the savior in baptism now “wear him.’ ** Those who still identify themselves in terms of racial and social distinctions, however (as Jews, Greeks, slaves, or free; ef. 3:28) are not yet truly Christian.*’ ...”
