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Galatians

About this book
Chapter 3

1 You foolish Galatians! Who has given you the evil eye?*⁠ Before your eyes Jesus Christ was vividly portrayed as crucified!⁠ 2 The only thing I want to learn from you is this: Did you receive the Spirit by doing the works of the law or by believing what you heard? 3 Are you so foolish? Although you began with the Spirit, are you now trying to finish by human effort? 4 Have you suffered so many things for nothing?—if indeed it was for nothing. 5 Does God then give you the Spirit and work miracles among you by your doing the works of the law or by your believing what you heard? 6 Just as Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness,⁠ 7 so then, understand that those who believe are the sons of Abraham. 8 And the scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, proclaimed the gospel to Abraham ahead of time, saying, “All the nations will be blessed in you.” 9 So then those who believe are blessed along with Abraham the believer. 10 For all who rely on doing the works of the law are under a curse⁠ because it is written, “Cursed is everyone who does not keep on doing everything written in the book of the law.”⁠ 11 Now it is clear no one is justified before God by the law because the righteous one will live by faith.⁠ 12 But the law is not based on faith, but the one who does the works of the law will live by them.⁠ 13 Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us⁠ (because it is written, “Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree”)⁠ 14 in order that in Christ Jesus the blessing of Abraham would come to the Gentiles, so that we could receive the promise of the Spirit by faith. 15 Brothers and sisters, I offer an example from everyday life: When a covenant has been ratified, even though it is only a human contract, no one can set it aside or add anything to it. 16 Now the promises were spoken to Abraham and to his descendant. Scripture does not say, “and to the descendants,” referring to many,⁠ but “and to your descendant,” referring to one, who is Christ. 17 What I am saying is this: The law that came 430 years later does not cancel a covenant previously ratified by God, so as to invalidate the promise.⁠ 18 For if the inheritance is based on the law, it is no longer based on the promise, but God graciously gave it to Abraham through the promise. 19 Why then was the law given? It was added because of transgressions, until the arrival of the descendant to whom the promise had been made. It was administered through angels by an intermediary.⁠ 20 Now an intermediary is not for one party alone, but God is one. 21 Is the law therefore opposed to the promises of God? Absolutely not! For if a law had been given that was able to give life, then righteousness would certainly have come by the law. 22 But the scripture imprisoned everything under sin so that the promise could be given—because of the faithfulness of Jesus Christ—to those who believe. 23 Now before faith came we were held in custody under the law, being kept as prisoners until the coming faith would be revealed.⁠ 24 Thus the law had become our guardian until Christ, so that we could be declared righteous by faith.⁠ 25 But now that faith has come, we are no longer under a guardian. 26 For in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God through faith. 27 For all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ.⁠ 28 There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free,⁠ there is neither male nor female—for⁠ all of you are one in Christ Jesus.⁠ 29 And if you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s descendants, heirs according to the promise.

Texts in conversation

Compare Psalm 94:12 and Galatians 3:24

Hebrew Bible · New Testament

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Summary

Psalm 94 describes those taught by the Torah as protected during times of trouble, portraying instruction as a safeguard. In Galatians, Paul similarly presents the Torah as a custodian who oversees and acts like a guardian.

Passages

Psalm 94:12

Hebrew Bible
10 Does the one who disciplines the nations not punish? He is the one who imparts knowledge to human beings! 11 The Lord knows that peoples’ thoughts are morally bankrupt. 12 How blessed is the one whom you instruct, O Lord, the one whom you teach from your law 13 in order to protect him from times of trouble, until the wicked are destroyed. 14 Certainly the Lord does not forsake his people; he does not abandon the nation that belongs to him.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

Galatians 3:24

New Testament
22 But the scripture imprisoned everything under sin so that the promise could be given—because of the faithfulness of Jesus Christ—to those who believe. 23 Now before faith came we were held in custody under the law, being kept as prisoners until the coming faith would be revealed. 24 Thus the law had become our guardian until Christ, so that we could be declared righteous by faith. 25 But now that faith has come, we are no longer under a guardian. 26 For in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God through faith.
48–55 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Galatians

References

"... In Galatians Paul speaks of the Jewish law functioning as a “custodian” or “guardian” (παιδαγωγός) until the coming of the Messiah (Galatians 3:24–25). In the Greco-Roman world of Paul’s day custodians were assigned the task of protecting the legal and financial interests of minors (e.g., Herodotus 8.75; Plutarch, Moralia 4A–B; Diogenes Laertius 3.92). Josephus uses the word in this sense: “But now Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, took some of the most noble of the Jews that were children, and the kinsmen of Zedekiah their king, such as were remarkable for their beauty of their bodies and comeliness of their countenances, and delivered them into the hands of custodians [παιδαγωγοῖς], and to the improvement to be made by them” (Antiquities 10.186); “... so he made this to be the omen, that the government should be left to him who should come to him first the next day. When he had thus resolved within himself, he sent to his grandson’s custodian [τὸν παιδαγωγόν], and ordered him to bring the child to him early in the morning, as supposing that God would permit him to be made emperor” (18.212; compare 20.183 “Burrhus, who was Nero’s custodian [παιδαγωγός], and secretary for his Greek epistles”). As in the case of Paul’s usage, in the pagan world the law could be seen as a παιδαγωγός (compare Plutarch, Moralia 645B–C) ..."
Craig A. Evans, “Paul and the Pagans,” in Paul: Jew, Greek, and Roman, ed. Stanley E. Porter (Leiden: Brill, 2008), 117–139.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Psalm 94:12 and Galatians 3:24

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