1 You foolish Galatians! Who has given you the evil eye?* Before your eyes Jesus Christ was vividly portrayed as crucified! 2 The only thing I want to learn from you is this: Did you receive the Spirit by doing the works of the law or by believing what you heard? 3 Are you so foolish? Although you began with the Spirit, are you now trying to finish by human effort? 4 Have you suffered so many things for nothing?—if indeed it was for nothing. 5 Does God then give you the Spirit and work miracles among you by your doing the works of the law or by your believing what you heard? 6 Just as Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness, 7 so then, understand that those who believe are the sons of Abraham. 8 And the scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, proclaimed the gospel to Abraham ahead of time, saying, “All the nations will be blessed in you.” 9 So then those who believe are blessed along with Abraham the believer. 10 For all who rely on doing the works of the law are under a curse because it is written, “Cursed is everyone who does not keep on doing everything written in the book of the law.” 11 Now it is clear no one is justified before God by the law because the righteous one will live by faith. 12 But the law is not based on faith, but the one who does the works of the law will live by them. 13 Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us (because it is written, “Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree”) 14 in order that in Christ Jesus the blessing of Abraham would come to the Gentiles, so that we could receive the promise of the Spirit by faith. 15 Brothers and sisters, I offer an example from everyday life: When a covenant has been ratified, even though it is only a human contract, no one can set it aside or add anything to it.16 Now the promises were spoken to Abraham and to his descendant. Scripture does not say, “and to the descendants,” referring to many, but “and to your descendant,” referring to one, who is Christ. 17 What I am saying is this: The law that came 430 years later does not cancel a covenant previously ratified by God, so as to invalidate the promise. 18 For if the inheritance is based on the law, it is no longer based on the promise, but God graciously gave it to Abraham through the promise. 19 Why then was the law given? It was added because of transgressions, until the arrival of the descendant to whom the promise had been made. It was administered through angels by an intermediary. 20 Now an intermediary is not for one party alone, but God is one. 21 Is the law therefore opposed to the promises of God? Absolutely not! For if a law had been given that was able to give life, then righteousness would certainly have come by the law. 22 But the scripture imprisoned everything under sin so that the promise could be given—because of the faithfulness of Jesus Christ—to those who believe. 23 Now before faith came we were held in custody under the law, being kept as prisoners until the coming faith would be revealed. 24 Thus the law had become our guardian until Christ, so that we could be declared righteous by faith. 25 But now that faith has come, we are no longer under a guardian. 26 For in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God through faith. 27 For all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. 28 There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female—for all of you are one in Christ Jesus. 29 And if you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s descendants, heirs according to the promise.
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Texts in conversation
Compare Deuteronomy 21:23 and Galatians 3:13 and Onkelos Deuteronomy 21:23
Hebrew Bible · New Testament · Targum
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Summary
Deuteronomy 21 calls a hanged man cursed by God, though the Hebrew can mean he cursed God. In Galatians, Paul keeps the curse on the man and drops the reference to God, while the AramaicTargum Onkelos reverses it and hangs him for a sin against God.
Passages
Deuteronomy 21:23
Hebrew Bible
21 Then all the men of his city must stone him to death. In this way you will purge wickedness from among you, and all Israel will hear about it and be afraid.22 If a person commits a sin punishable by death and is executed, and you hang the corpse on a tree,23 his body must not remain all night on the tree; instead you must make certain you bury him that same day, for the one who is left exposed on a tree is cursed by God. You must not defile your land that the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance.
11 Now it is clear no one is justified before God by the law because the righteous one will live by faith.12 But the law is not based on faith, but the one who does the works of the law will live by them.13 Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us (because it is written, “Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree”)14 in order that in Christ Jesus the blessing of Abraham would come to the Gentiles, so that we could receive the promise of the Spirit by faith.15 Brothers and sisters, I offer an example from everyday life: When a covenant has been ratified, even though it is only a human contract, no one can set it aside or add anything to it.
21 then all the men of the city shall stone him with stones, so that he dies; and you shall remove the evildoer from among you, and all Israel will hear, and be afraid.22 When a man guilty of a capital offense is put to death, and you have hanged him on a gallows;23 his body shall not remain upon the gallows, but you shall certainly bury him on that day: for he was hanged because he had sinned before the Lord; and your land which the Lord your God has given you to inherit shall not be defiled.
“... Deuteronomy 21:23 according to the base text: “For a hanged man is a curse of God” qillath elohim taluy. — Here ‘lhym is a subjective genitive, so qllt ‘lhym = a curse on God’s part, that is, one cursed by God. So rightly the LXX: kekatēramenos hypo theou pas kremamenos epi xylou. So too the apostle, although he has left ‘lhym untranslated. By contrast, the rabbinic scholars almost universally (see an exception at § 2 Cor 1:3 A) understood ‘lhym as an objective genitive; qllt ‘lhym thus = “a curse or imprecation against God.” [...] Targum Onkelos Deuteronomy 21:23: “His corpse should not remain overnight on the cross, but rather you shall bury him on the same day; since he had incurred guilt before God, he was crucified.” — Here qllt ‘lhym is interpreted to mean “flippant behavior against God”; ‘lhym is also an objective genitive. ...”