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Deuteronomy

About this book
Chapter 21

1 If a homicide victim should be found lying in a field in the land the Lord your God is giving you, and no one knows who killed him, 2 your elders and judges must go out and measure how far it is to the cities in the vicinity of the corpse. 3 Then the elders of the city nearest to the corpse must take from the herd a heifer that has not been worked—that has never pulled with the yoke— 4 and bring the heifer down to a wadi with flowing water, to a valley that is neither plowed nor sown. There at the wadi they are to break the heifer’s neck. 5 Then the Levitical priests will approach (for the Lord your God has chosen them to serve him and to pronounce blessings in his name, and to decide every judicial verdict) , 6 and all the elders of that city nearest the corpse must wash their hands over the heifer whose neck was broken in the valley.⁠ 7 Then they must proclaim, “Our hands have not spilled this blood, nor have we witnessed the crime. 8 Do not blame your people Israel whom you redeemed, O Lord, and do not hold them accountable for the bloodshed of an innocent person.” Then atonement will be made for the bloodshed. 9 In this manner you will purge the guilt of innocent blood from among you, for you must do what is right before the Lord. 10 When you go out to do battle with your enemies and the Lord your God allows you to prevail and you take prisoners, 11 if you should see among them an attractive woman whom you wish to take as a wife, 12 you may bring her back to your house. She must shave her head, trim her nails, 13 discard the clothing she was wearing when captured, and stay in your house, lamenting for her father and mother for a full month. After that you may sleep with her and become her husband and she your wife. 14 If you are not pleased with her, then you must let her go where she pleases. You cannot in any case sell her; you must not take advantage of her, since you have already humiliated her. 15 Suppose a man has two wives, one he loves and one he hates30, and they both bear him sons, with the firstborn being the child of the less-loved wife.⁠ 16 In the day he divides his inheritance he must not appoint as firstborn the son of the favorite wife in place of the other wife’s son who is actually the firstborn. 17 Rather, he must acknowledge the son of the less-loved wife as firstborn and give him the double portion of all he has, for that son is the beginning of his father’s procreative power—to him should go the right of the firstborn.⁠ 18 If a person has a stubborn, rebellious son who pays no attention to his father or mother, and they discipline him to no avail, 19 his father and mother must seize him and bring him to the elders at the gate of his city. 20 They must declare to the elders of his city, “Our son is stubborn and rebellious and pays no attention to what we say—he is a glutton and drunkard.”⁠ 21 Then all the men of his city must stone him to death. In this way you will purge wickedness from among you, and all Israel will hear about it and be afraid. 22 If a person commits a sin punishable by death and is executed, and you hang the corpse on a tree,⁠ 23 his body must not remain all night on the tree; instead you must make certain you bury him that same day, for the one who is left exposed on a tree is cursed by God.⁠ You must not defile your land that the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 21:23 and Galatians 3:13 and Onkelos Deuteronomy 21:23

Hebrew Bible · New Testament · Targum

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Summary

Deuteronomy 21 calls a hanged man cursed by God, though the Hebrew can mean he cursed God. In Galatians, Paul keeps the curse on the man and drops the reference to God, while the Aramaic Targum Onkelos reverses it and hangs him for a sin against God.

Passages

Deuteronomy 21:23

Hebrew Bible
21 Then all the men of his city must stone him to death. In this way you will purge wickedness from among you, and all Israel will hear about it and be afraid. 22 If a person commits a sin punishable by death and is executed, and you hang the corpse on a tree, 23 his body must not remain all night on the tree; instead you must make certain you bury him that same day, for the one who is left exposed on a tree is cursed by God. You must not defile your land that the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Galatians 3:13

New Testament
11 Now it is clear no one is justified before God by the law because the righteous one will live by faith. 12 But the law is not based on faith, but the one who does the works of the law will live by them. 13 Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us (because it is written, “Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree”) 14 in order that in Christ Jesus the blessing of Abraham would come to the Gentiles, so that we could receive the promise of the Spirit by faith. 15 Brothers and sisters, I offer an example from everyday life: When a covenant has been ratified, even though it is only a human contract, no one can set it aside or add anything to it.
48–55 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Galatians

Onkelos Deuteronomy 21:23

Targum
21 then all the men of the city shall stone him with stones, so that he dies; and you shall remove the evildoer from among you, and all Israel will hear, and be afraid. 22 When a man guilty of a capital offense is put to death, and you have hanged him on a gallows; 23 his body shall not remain upon the gallows, but you shall certainly bury him on that day: for he was hanged because he had sinned before the Lord; and your land which the Lord your God has given you to inherit shall not be defiled.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Deuteronomy

References

“... Deuteronomy 21:23 according to the base text: “For a hanged man is a curse of God” qillath elohim taluy. — Here ‘lhym is a subjective genitive, so qllt ‘lhym = a curse on God’s part, that is, one cursed by God. So rightly the LXX: kekatēramenos hypo theou pas kremamenos epi xylou. So too the apostle, although he has left ‘lhym untranslated. By contrast, the rabbinic scholars almost universally (see an exception at § 2 Cor 1:3 A) understood ‘lhym as an objective genitive; qllt ‘lhym thus = “a curse or imprecation against God.” [...] Targum Onkelos Deuteronomy 21:23: “His corpse should not remain overnight on the cross, but rather you shall bury him on the same day; since he had incurred guilt before God, he was crucified.” — Here qllt ‘lhym is interpreted to mean “flippant behavior against God”; ‘lhym is also an objective genitive. ...”
Hermann L. Strack and Paul Billerbeck, A Commentary on the New Testament from the Talmud and Midrash, Volume 3: Romans through Revelation (Bellingham, WA: Lexham, 2023), 1094.

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Deuteronomy 21:23 and Galatians 3:13 and Onkelos Deuteronomy 21:23

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