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Galatians

About this book
Chapter 3

1 You foolish Galatians! Who has given you the evil eye?*⁠ Before your eyes Jesus Christ was vividly portrayed as crucified!⁠ 2 The only thing I want to learn from you is this: Did you receive the Spirit by doing the works of the law or by believing what you heard? 3 Are you so foolish? Although you began with the Spirit, are you now trying to finish by human effort? 4 Have you suffered so many things for nothing?—if indeed it was for nothing. 5 Does God then give you the Spirit and work miracles among you by your doing the works of the law or by your believing what you heard? 6 Just as Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness,⁠ 7 so then, understand that those who believe are the sons of Abraham. 8 And the scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, proclaimed the gospel to Abraham ahead of time, saying, “All the nations will be blessed in you.” 9 So then those who believe are blessed along with Abraham the believer. 10 For all who rely on doing the works of the law are under a curse⁠ because it is written, “Cursed is everyone who does not keep on doing everything written in the book of the law.”⁠ 11 Now it is clear no one is justified before God by the law because the righteous one will live by faith.⁠ 12 But the law is not based on faith, but the one who does the works of the law will live by them.⁠ 13 Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us⁠ (because it is written, “Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree”)⁠ 14 in order that in Christ Jesus the blessing of Abraham would come to the Gentiles, so that we could receive the promise of the Spirit by faith. 15 Brothers and sisters, I offer an example from everyday life: When a covenant has been ratified, even though it is only a human contract, no one can set it aside or add anything to it. 16 Now the promises were spoken to Abraham and to his descendant. Scripture does not say, “and to the descendants,” referring to many,⁠ but “and to your descendant,” referring to one, who is Christ. 17 What I am saying is this: The law that came 430 years later does not cancel a covenant previously ratified by God, so as to invalidate the promise.⁠ 18 For if the inheritance is based on the law, it is no longer based on the promise, but God graciously gave it to Abraham through the promise. 19 Why then was the law given? It was added because of transgressions, until the arrival of the descendant to whom the promise had been made. It was administered through angels by an intermediary.⁠ 20 Now an intermediary is not for one party alone, but God is one. 21 Is the law therefore opposed to the promises of God? Absolutely not! For if a law had been given that was able to give life, then righteousness would certainly have come by the law. 22 But the scripture imprisoned everything under sin so that the promise could be given—because of the faithfulness of Jesus Christ—to those who believe. 23 Now before faith came we were held in custody under the law, being kept as prisoners until the coming faith would be revealed.⁠ 24 Thus the law had become our guardian until Christ, so that we could be declared righteous by faith.⁠ 25 But now that faith has come, we are no longer under a guardian. 26 For in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God through faith. 27 For all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ.⁠ 28 There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free,⁠ there is neither male nor female—for⁠ all of you are one in Christ Jesus.⁠ 29 And if you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s descendants, heirs according to the promise.

Texts in conversation

Compare Habakkuk 2:4 and Galatians 3:11

Hebrew Bible · New Testament

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Summary

Habakkuk describes a righteous person who lives by their faithfulness. In Galatians, Paul reshapes this verse to build an argument that prioritizes faith in Jesus instead of following the Torah for Gentile believers.

Passages

Habakkuk 2:4

Hebrew Bible
3 For the message is a witness to what is decreed; it gives reliable testimony about how matters will turn out. Even if the message is not fulfilled right away, wait patiently; for it will certainly come to pass—it will not arrive late. 4 Look, the one whose desires are not upright will faint from exhaustion, but the person of integrity will live because of his faithfulness. 5 Indeed, wine will betray the proud, restless man! His appetite is as big as Sheol’s; like death, he is never satisfied. He gathers all the nations; he seizes all peoples.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Habakkuk

Galatians 3:11

New Testament
10 For all who rely on doing the works of the law are under a curse because it is written, “Cursed is everyone who does not keep on doing everything written in the book of the law.” 11 Now it is clear no one is justified before God by the law because the righteous one will live by faith. 12 But the law is not based on faith, but the one who does the works of the law will live by them.
48–55 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Galatians

References

“... Leviticus 18:5 resonates with Habakkuk 2:4. Paul does not cite Habakkuk 2:4 near Romans 10:5, but he echoes its key phrase three times in the immediate context and speaks repeatedly of its subject matter–the act of God in Christ that gifts life to the world (i.e., δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ). He does juxtapose these texts explicitly in Galatians 3:11–12, where he has sculpted them into a parallel stylistic form (an arthrous substantive, an identical verb, and a key instrumental prepositional phrase). And that juxtaposition is antithetical. Moreover, Paul negates a scriptural endorsement of “doing the law” in Galatians 3 not once but twice (and this total does not include his other negations of “works of law”). These considerations point to an important exegetical judgment. The citation of Leviticus 18:5 in Romans 10:5 is a programmatic summary of Israel’s own righteousness that she “seeks to establish” over against the righteous saving act by God in Christ ...”
Douglas A. Campbell, The Deliverance of God: An Apocalyptic Rereading of Justification in Paul (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009), 1106.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Habakkuk 2:4 and Galatians 3:11

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