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Galatians

About this book
Chapter 2

1 Then after fourteen years I went up to Jerusalem again with Barnabas, taking Titus along too. 2 I went there because of a revelation and presented to them the gospel that I preach among the Gentiles. But I did so only in a private meeting with the influential people, to make sure that I was not running—or had not run—in vain. 3 Yet not even Titus, who was with me, was compelled to be circumcised, although he was a Greek. 4 Now this matter arose because of the false brothers with false pretenses who slipped in unnoticed to spy on our freedom that we have in Christ Jesus, to make us slaves. 5 But we did not surrender to them even for a moment, in order that the truth of the gospel would remain with you. 6 But from those who were influential (whatever they were makes no difference to me; God shows no favoritism between people)—those influential leaders added nothing to my message. 7 On the contrary, when they saw that I was entrusted with the gospel to the uncircumcised just as Peter was entrusted with the gospel to the circumcised 8 (for he who empowered Peter for his apostleship to the circumcised also empowered me for my apostleship to the Gentiles) 9 and when James, Cephas, and John, who had a reputation as pillars, recognized the grace that had been given to me, they gave to Barnabas and me the right hand of fellowship, agreeing that we would go to the Gentiles and they to the circumcised. 10 They requested only that we remember the poor, the very thing I also was eager to do. 11 But when Cephas came to Antioch, I opposed him to his face, because he had clearly done wrong. 12 Until certain people came from James, he had been eating with the Gentiles. But when they arrived, he stopped doing this and separated himself because he was afraid of those who were pro-circumcision.⁠ 13 And the rest of the Jews also joined with him in this hypocrisy, so that even Barnabas was led astray with them by their hypocrisy. 14 But when I saw that they were not behaving consistently with the truth of the gospel, I said to Cephas in front of them all, “If you, although you are a Jew, live like a Gentile and not like a Jew, how can you try to force the Gentiles to live like Jews?”⁠ 15 We are Jews by birth and not Gentile sinners, 16 yet we know that no one is justified by the works of the law⁠ but by the faithfulness of Jesus Christ. And we have come to believe in Christ Jesus, so that we may be justified by the faithfulness of Christ and not by the works of the law, because by the works of the law no one will be justified.⁠ 17 But if while seeking to be justified in Christ we ourselves have also been found to be sinners, is Christ then one who encourages sin? Absolutely not! 18 But if I build up again those things I once destroyed, I demonstrate that I am one who breaks God’s law. 19 For through the law I died to the law so that I may live to God. 20 I have been crucified with Christ, and it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me. So the life I now live in the body, I live because of the faithfulness of the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me. 21 I do not set aside God’s grace, because if righteousness could come through the law, then Christ died for nothing!

Texts in conversation

Compare LXX Psalm 142:2 and Galatians 2:16

Septuagint · New Testament

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Summary

Galatians echoes the Greek Septuagint translation of Psalm 142, which says no living person is righteous before God. Paul changes this to “all flesh,” harmonizing it with his appeal that they should not place their confidence in their circumcision.

Passages

LXX Psalm 142:2

Septuagint
1 A Psalm of David, when his son was pursuing him. Lord, attend to my prayer: listen to my plea in your truth; hear me in your righteousness. 2 And do not enter into judgment with your servant, for in your sight shall no man living be justified. 3 For the enemy has persecuted my soul; he has brought my life down to the ground; he has made me to dwell in a dark place, as those that have been long dead.
100–1 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Psalms

Galatians 2:16

New Testament
15 We are Jews by birth and not Gentile sinners, 16 yet we know that no one is justified by the works of the law but by the faithfulness of Jesus Christ. And we have come to believe in Christ Jesus, so that we may be justified by the faithfulness of Christ and not by the works of the law, because by the works of the law no one will be justified. 17 But if while seeking to be justified in Christ we ourselves have also been found to be sinners, is Christ then one who encourages sin? Absolutely not!
48–55 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Galatians

References

"... Paul’s rhetoric seems to indicate an astonished outrage at the way the Galatians have thoroughly misunderstood the gospel (esp. Galatians 1:6–9; 3:1–5; 4:9–11) they once received so readily (Galatians 4:15–20; 5:7). Whoever Paul expected to know this justification tradition, Paul combined the tradition with Jewish Scripture. Paul substantiates his argument with allusion to the Jewish Scriptures, authoritative texts for all relevant parties (Peter, the Galatians, and the opponents). An allusion to the Septuagint of Psalm 142:2 is widely recognized in Galatians 2:16 but rarely is any significance attributed to Paul’s replacement of the Psalm’s phrase “everyone living [πᾶς ζῶν/כל־חי]” with Paul’s phrase “all flesh [πᾶσα σάρξ].” Some doubt that “all flesh” is anything more than a different Vorlage, or simply a stronger expression for human frailty. Martyn suggests that Paul’s turn of phrase is motivated by polemic against the opponents’ attempt to boast “in flesh” (Galatians 6:13). Surely Paul’s choice of the word “flesh [σάρξ]” is connected to his argument against circumcision. Is it possible, however, that Paul’s textual adjustment to the Psalm is more consequential than an alteration to fit his argument against circumcision? ..."
Tyler Allen Stewart, “‘The Present Evil Age’: The Origin and Persistence of Evil in Galatians” (diss., Marquette University, 2019), 227–228.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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LXX Psalm 142:2 and Galatians 2:16

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