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Ezekiel

About this book
Chapter 37

1 The hand of the Lord was on me, and he brought me out by the Spirit of the Lord and placed me in the midst of the valley, and it was full of bones.⁠ 2 He made me walk all around among them. I realized there were a great many bones in the valley, and they were very dry. 3 He said to me, “Son of man, can these bones live?”⁠ I said to him, “Sovereign Lord, you know.” 4 Then he said to me, “Prophesy over these bones, and tell them: ‘Dry bones, listen to the Lord’s message.⁠ 5 This is what the Sovereign Lord says to these bones: Look, I am about to infuse breath into you and you will live.⁠ 6 I will put tendons on you and muscles over you and will cover you with skin; I will put breath in you, and you will live. Then you will know that I am the Lord.’” 7 So I prophesied as I was commanded. There was a sound when I prophesied— I heard a rattling, and the bones came together, bone to bone.⁠ 8 As I watched, I saw tendons on them, then muscles appeared, and skin covered over them from above, but there was no breath in them. 9 He said to me, “Prophesy to the breath—prophesy, son of man—and say to the breath: ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Come from the four winds, O breath, and breathe on these corpses so that they may live.’” 10 So I prophesied as I was commanded, and the breath came into them; they lived and stood on their feet, an extremely great army. 11 Then he said to me, “Son of man, these bones are all the house of Israel. Look, they are saying, ‘Our bones are dry, our hope has perished; we are cut off.’ 12 Therefore prophesy, and tell them, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Look, I am about to open your graves and will raise you from your graves, my people. I will bring you to the land of Israel.⁠ 13 Then you will know that I am the Lord, when I open your graves and raise you from your graves, my people.⁠ 14 I will place my breath in you and you will live; I will give you rest in your own land. Then you will know that I am the Lord—I have spoken and I will act, declares the Lord.’” 15 The Lord’s message came to me: 16 “As for you, son of man, take one branch and write on it, ‘For Judah and for the Israelites associated with him.’ Then take another branch and write on it, ‘For Joseph, the branch of Ephraim, and all the house of Israel associated with him.’ 17 Join them as one stick; they will be as one in your hand.⁠ 18 When your people say to you, ‘Will you not tell us what these things mean?’ 19 tell them, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Look, I am about to take the branch of Joseph that is in the hand of Ephraim and the tribes of Israel associated with him, and I will place them on the stick of Judah and make them into one stick—they will be one in my hand.’ 20 The sticks you write on will be in your hand in front of them. 21 Then tell them, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Look, I am about to take the Israelites from among the nations where they have gone. I will gather them from round about and bring them to their land. 22 I will make them one nation in the land, on the mountains of Israel, and one king will rule over them all. They will never again be two nations and never again be divided into two kingdoms. 23 They will not defile themselves with their idols, their detestable things, and all their rebellious deeds. I will save them from all their unfaithfulness by which they sinned. I will purify them; they will become my people, and I will become their God. 24 “‘My servant David will be king over them; there will be one shepherd for all of them. They will follow my regulations and carefully observe my statutes. 25 They will live in the land I gave to my servant Jacob, in which your fathers lived; they will live in it—they and their children and their grandchildren forever. David my servant will be prince over them forever. 26 I will make a covenant of peace with them; it will be a perpetual covenant with them. I will establish them, increase their numbers, and place my sanctuary among them forever. 27 My dwelling place will be with them; I will be their God, and they will be my people.⁠ 28 Then, when my sanctuary is among them forever, the nations will know that I, the Lord, sanctify Israel.’”

Texts in conversation

Compare Ezekiel 37:3 and 4 Maccabees 18:17

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry

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Summary

In Ezekiel 37, God asks the prophet whether the bones in a valley can live, then calls them dry bones. 4 Maccabees merges the two verses into one question, "Will these dry bones live?", though it drops the explicit resurrection language of 2 Maccabees.

Passages

Ezekiel 37:3

Hebrew Bible
1 The hand of the Lord was on me, and he brought me out by the Spirit of the Lord and placed me in the midst of the valley, and it was full of bones. 2 He made me walk all around among them. I realized there were a great many bones in the valley, and they were very dry. 3 He said to me, “Son of man, can these bones live?” I said to him, “Sovereign Lord, you know.” 4 Then he said to me, “Prophesy over these bones, and tell them: ‘Dry bones, listen to the Lord’s message. 5 This is what the Sovereign Lord says to these bones: Look, I am about to infuse breath into you and you will live. 6 I will put tendons on you and muscles over you and will cover you with skin; I will put breath in you, and you will live. Then you will know that I am the Lord.’”
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ezekiel

4 Maccabees 18:17

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
10 While he was still with you, he taught you the law and the prophets. 11 He read to you about Abel killed by Cain, Isaac offered as a burnt offering, and Joseph in prison. 12 He told you about the zealous Phinehas, and taught you about Hananiah, Azariah, and Mishael in the fire. 13 He praised Daniel in the lions’ den and called him blessed. 14 He reminded you of the scripture of Isaiah that says, “Even if you pass through fire, the flame will not burn you.” 15 He sang to you the words of David the psalmist, who says, “Many are the afflictions of the righteous.” 16 He quoted to you the proverb of Solomon, which says, “It is a tree of life for those who do his will.” 17 He used to confirm what Ezekiel said: “Will these dry bones live?” 18 Nor did he forget to teach you the song that Moses taught, which says, 19 ‘I kill and I make alive.’ This is your life and the length of your days.”
19–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4 Maccabees

References

“... Clearly, 4 Maccabees expresses the martyrs’ future hopes in different terms than 2 Maccabees. However, it does not necessarily follow that Auctor denies a bodily resurrection simply because he omits his source’s explicit resurrection language. Auctor writes with a different purpose, to stress the superiority of devout reason over the passions, and his portrayal of the martyrdoms directly serves this aim (1:7–12; 6:31–35). [...] Scholars often overlook or underestimate the significance of 18:17 for determining 4 Maccabees’ future hope. In 18:10–19, Auctor summarizes the father’s scriptural teaching to his sons concerning the suffering, divine protection, and vindication which comes to the righteous. According to 18:17, the father “used to confirm Ezekiel, who said, ‘Shall these dry bones live?’” This citation follows Ezekiel 37:3 LXX, with the adjective “dry” (ξηρά) taken from 37:4. Ezekiel’s prophecy of Yahweh breathing life into dry bones presents to hopeless, exiled Israel (cf. 37:11) a powerful hope of new creation (37:5). Israel will return to her land (37:14, 21), be empowered by the divine Spirit (37:11, 14), cleansed from defilement (37:23), and experience God’s presence and renewed covenant (37:23, 27–28). ...”
Brian Jordan Tabb, “Suffering in Ancient Worldview: A Comparative Study of Acts, Fourth Maccabees, and Seneca” (PhD diss., Middlesex University, 2013), 131.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Ezekiel 37:3 and 4 Maccabees 18:17

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